Forensic Anthropology - Definition and Examples

Forensic anthropology is the scientific study of human skeletal remains in the context of crime or medico-legal contexts. It is a fairly new and growing discipline that is made up of several branches of academic disciplines brought together to assist in legal cases involving the death and/or identification of individual people.   Key Takeaways: Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology is the scientific study of human skeletal remains in the context of crime or natural disaster.  Forensic anthropologists participate in many different tasks during such investigations, from mapping the crime scene to positively identifying the individual from the skeleton.  Forensic anthropology relies on comparative data housed in donated repositories and digital data banks of information. The primary focus of the profession today is determining the identity of a dead person and the cause and manner of that persons death. That focus can include extracting information about the individuals life and condition at death, as well as identifying characteristics revealed within the skeletal remains. When there is soft body tissue still intact, a specialist known as a forensic pathologist is required.  Ã‚   History of the Profession The profession of the forensic anthropologist is a relatively recent outgrowth from the broader field of forensic sciences in general. Forensic science is a field which has its roots at the end of the 19th century, but it didnt become a widely practiced professional endeavor until the 1950s. Early anthropologically-minded practitioners such as Wilton Marion Krogman, T.D. Steward, J. Lawrence Angel, and A.M. Brues were pioneers in the field. Sections of the field dedicated to anthropology — the study of human skeletal remains — began in the United States in the 1970s, with the efforts of pioneer forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow.  Ã‚   Forensic anthropology began with scientists dedicated to determining the big four of any one set of skeletal remains: age at death, sex, ancestry or ethnicity, and stature. Forensic anthropology is an outgrowth of physical anthropology because the first people who attempted to determine the big four from skeletal remains were primarily interested in the growth, nutrition, and demography of past civilizations. Since those days, and largely due to an enormous number and variety of scientific advances, forensic anthropology now includes the study of both the living and the dead. In addition, scholars strive to collect information in the form of databases and human remains repositories, that allow continuing research in the scientific repeatability of forensic anthropological studies.   Major Focus Forensic anthropologists study human remains, with particular respect to the identification of the individual person from those remains. Studies include everything from single homicide cases to mass death scenarios created by terrorist activities such as the World Trade Center on 9/11; mass transit crashes of planes, buses, and trains; and natural disasters such as wildfires, hurricanes, and tsunamis.   Today, forensic anthropologists are involved in a wide range of aspects of crimes and disasters involving human deaths.   Scene of the crime mapping — sometimes known as forensic archaeology, because it involves using archaeological techniques to recover information at crime scenesSearch and recovery of remains — fragmented human remains are difficult for non-specialists to identify in the fieldSpecies identification — mass events often include other life formsPostmortem interval — determining how long ago the death occurredTaphonomy — what kinds of weathering events have affected the remains since the deathTrauma analysis — identifying the cause and manner of deathCraniofacial reconstructions or, more properly, facial approximationsPathologies of the deceased—what kinds of things did the living person suffered fromPositive identification of human remains  Acting as expert witnesses in court cases Forensic anthropologists also study the living, identifying individual perpetrators from surveillance tapes, determining the age of individuals to define their culpability for their crimes, and determining the age of subadults in confiscated child pornography.   A Wide Range of Tools   Forensic anthropologists use a wide range of tools in their business, including forensic botany and zoology, chemical and elemental trace analysis, and genetic studies with DNA. For example, determining the age of death can be a matter of synthesizing the results of what an individuals teeth look like — are they fully erupted, how much are they worn — combined with other metrics considering things like the progression of epiphyseal closure, and the centers of ossification — human bones become harder as a person ages. Scientific measurements of bones may be achieved in part by radiography (photo-imaging of the bone), or histology (cutting cross-sections of the bones).  Ã‚   These measurements are then compared against databases of previous studies of humans of every age, size, and ethnicity. Human remains repositories such as those at the Smithsonian Institution and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were assembled by scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries largely without the consent of the culture being collected. They were incredibly important to the early growth of the field.   However, beginning in the 1970s, shifts in political and cultural power in western societies have resulted in the reburial of many of these remains. The older repositories have largely been supplanted by collections of donated remains such as those at the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, and digital repositories such as the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank, both of which are housed at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.   Significant Studies   The most publicly visible aspect of forensic anthropology, outside of the wildly popular CSI series of television shows, is the identification of historically important persons. Forensic anthropologists have identified or attempted to identify people such as the 16th-century Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, the 18th-century Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the 15th-century English king Richard III, and the 20th-century U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Early mass projects included identifying the victims of the 1979 DC10 crash in Chicago; and the ongoing investigations into Los Desaparecidos, thousands of missing Argentine dissidents murdered during the Dirty War. Forensic science is not infallible, however. Positive identification of an individual is limited to dental charts, congenital abnormalities, unique features such as previous pathology or trauma, or, best of all, DNA sequencing if the likely identity of the person is known and there are living relatives who are willing to help.   Recent changes in legal issues resulted in the Daubert standard, a rule of evidence for expert witness testimony agreed upon by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993 (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 584-587). This decision affects forensic anthropologists because the theory or techniques that they use to testify in court cases must be generally accepted by the scientific community. In addition, the results must be testable, replicable, reliable, and created by scientifically valid methods developed outside of the current court case.   Sources   Anthropologists and Archeologist. Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor 2018. Web.  Blau, Soren, and Christopher A. Briggs. The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI). Forensic Science International 205.1 (2011): 29-35. Print.Cattaneo, Cristina. Forensic Anthropology: Developments of a Classical Discipline in the New Millennium. Forensic Science International 165.2 (2007): 185-93. Print.Dirkmaat, Dennis C., et al. New Perspectives in Forensic Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137.47 (2008): 33-52. Print.Franklin, Daniel. Forensic Age Estimation in Human Skeletal . Legal Medicine 12.1 (2010): 1-7. Print.Remains: Current Concepts and Future DirectionsYaÅŸar IÅŸcan, Mehmet. Rise of Forensic Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31.9 (1988): 203-29. Print.

The Battle of the Coral Sea Essay examples - 2143 Words

Introduction In the spring of 1942 the U.S. Navy and Japanese Imperial Fleet engaged in battle at sea on more than one occasion. The Battle of Coral Sea, however, was the first time that these too forces would engage one another at sea using only aircraft. This will be the first battle in history where ships from both sides would never see the other like most conventional naval battles; this one will be fought entirely by aircraft. History In the morning hours of December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked the Hawaiian islands at Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had been feeling the pressures of World War II (WWII) as did many others. With the resources of the Japanese dwindling, the Japanese decided to attack the U.S. while†¦show more content†¦Assisting its European allies in the war against the Nazi’s, the U.S. was focusing much of its attention on the Atlantic and European theatre. During this time most of the United States was focusing on the war planes and sending soldiers to help fight. With the focus being almost entirely on the Atlantic the U.S. Navy was slowly cannibalizing the Pacific fleet to help block shipping lanes and fight the German U-Boats that were ravaging the Atlantic coastlines and shipping lanes. With the war raging on so far to our east and at the time, no viable threat laid to our west. During this year diplomatic peace talks had begun with the Japanese in the attempt to strengthen our relationships with non allied countries in the western pacific. The Japanese on the other hand had a different idea of things to come. Prior to 1941, the Japanese thought that if a war were to begin that the United States would be their only enemy, however, Japans entry into the Tripartite Alliance and the United States aid commitments to Britain had created a new international line-up which made previous Japanese naval planning obsolete. [1] With previous planning now obsolete a new concept to include war against the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands was now a necessity. In January of 1941 Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese combined fleet conceived a plan of a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at PearlShow MoreRelatedThe Battle of Coral Sea1033 Words   |  5 Pages Battle of Coral Sea War has always been a negative social issue among the citizens of America. Some believe we should be involved in everything so we can to show our dominance around the world and others see it as a big problem. War World Two is a different story. After we realized that Hitler was close to succeeding in his plan of imperialism most people were on board to going to war. The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought in May 1942. This was a major naval battle that took place in the CoralRead MoreThe Battle of Coral Sea1251 Words   |  6 Pages May 7-8, 1942, an important battle happen, that is the Battle of Coral Sea. The Battle was fought by air planes on both sides, There was no ship involved at all. The Japanese wanted to capture New Guinea and leave Australia out. The Coral Sea actions happen from a Japanese operation, they wanted to capture Port Moresby, on New Guineas southern-eastern coast. Japanese air base threaten Australia and supported plans for future expansion, trying to help Australia get out of the war and exchange theRead MoreThe Battle Of The Coral Sea1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Battle of the Coral Sea has been addressed by several interviews from people who have participated in the Battle of the Coral Sea. This battle included aircraft carriers that engaged each other with the advantage of aviation assets. These aircraft carriers did not have the technology to see each other, so they relied significantly on the use of aviation assets. These aviation assets acted as artillery reconnaissance for the ships to engage the Japanese. This four day battle starting on fourRead MoreThe Battle of Coral Sea Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pages The Battle of Coral Sea was the first major sea battle between allied fleet forces, including those of the United States and Australian Navies, and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Pivotal in terms of allied naval fleet operations during the war, the Battle of Coral Sea was also the first naval battle that featured opposing air craft carriers in close proximity to each other, resulting in air battles initiated by sea, rather than from traditional land bases. The following providesRead MoreTheu.s. Navy And Naval Aviation1507 Words   |  7 Pagesaviation, the U.S. was able to turn the tide of the War in the Pacific in major battles like the Battle of Coral Sea and t he Battle of Midway. U.S. Naval Aviation played a vital role in moving the Americans to the offensive and changed the way navies around the world would fight, placing aircraft carriers as their capital ships than battleships. Naval Aviation was seen as important from this point on because after the Battle of Midway Naval Aviation was used as the Navy’s main offshore aerial strikeRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War1455 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor and military historian Antony Beevor, â€Å"The Second World War was such a huge combination of different conflicts that it’s almost impossible to point to a single battle as a turning point† During the war some turning points for the Allies were; The Fall of Singapore, The Bombing of Darwin, The Battle of the Coral Sea, The Battle of Midway and The Kokoda Campaign. The United States Forces also played a big role in the war in The Pacific Theatre and the turning points for The Australian ForcesRead MoreThe Attack Of Pe arl Harbor1154 Words   |  5 Pages soil. This date sealed our level of commitment to World War II. The U.S. involvement in the Pacific Theater of World War II took place in East Asia and South Asia. It also included the Western part of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Coral Sea. Several islands were included such as Okinawa, Iwo Jima, and Wake Island. On April 18, 1942, aboard the deck of the aircraft carriers USS Hornet, sixteen B-25 bombers took flight to travel 2,400 nautical miles to their destination, knowingRead MoreMarine Amphibious Warfare During World War II1184 Words   |  5 Pagestowards the human race. Guadalcanal is a perfect example of the fortitude American forces will endure to the end. Guadalcanal was America’s class room in realizing the Japanese tenacity to win a losing war. It was the preparation of the bloodiest battle ever fought for ground forces for a piece of real-estate, Okinawa Japan. However, before Okinawa, even before the Guadalcanal invasion by American Marines, a full rehearsal conducted by the Navy and Marine Corps was conducted on the islands of KoroRead MoreThe Battle of Midway956 Words   |  4 Pages The Battle of Midway The United States faced the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean during World War II in what was later known as some of the most gruesome battles in either country’s history. The Pacific theatre of World War II consisted of a series of bloody conflicts in which the United States responded to early Japanese victories with an offensive campaign that won a decisive victory for the Allies. Although many significant battles were fought in the Pacific, the most important battle was theRead MoreBattle Of Midway During World War II1168 Words   |  5 PagesBattle of Midway The Battle of Midway was a very important battle in the Second World War because it basically shaped out the war for the Allied Powers, as well as for the Axis Powers. This battle also happens to be one of the most important naval battle of the time. The Battle of Midway was a very important battle in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. The battle was between The United States of America and the Empire of Japan. This would be the second battle that would feature of the United

The Outbreak Of The Second World War - 961 Words

The outbreak of the second world war, preceded the wake of new international institutions and treaties that, in turn, would commence a path towards true rights for mankind. These legal organizations responded to the immense magnitude of violations towards Human Rights during the 20th Century. The Second World War saw a disregard for human rights never before seen by mankind. With the genocide of Jews, incessant discrimination against race and sexuality, as well aerial bombings in support of territorial expansion, the world turned their devastation into a National Confederation against future catastrophe, the United Nations. Following the creation of the United Nations, attempted hope came in the form of coalitions such as the International Criminal Court, the European Court of Human Rights, The U.N. Human Rights Council and United Nations Security Council. The Institutions were given the mandate, by the United Nations, to be a last resort in the protection of Human Rights, even again st a corrupted State Government and any other proclaimed authorities. These bodies have the jurisdiction to make judgements in support of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, the rights of humanity are not internationally homogenous. Culture, religion, ethnicity and economic standpoints create complications and loopholes in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Therefore, limits and obstacles arise and these institutions must find a balance between Universalism and Relativism.Show MoreRelatedThe Reasons For The Outbreak Of The Second World War1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe reasons for The Outbreak of The Second World War World War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion ofRead MoreSignificance of the Nazi Soviet Non Aggression Pact1124 Words   |  5 PagesPact was extremely significant in regards to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, however there were several other factors that also led to the outbreak of WWII. These factors include; the allied policy of appeasement, the failure the League of Nations and Collective Security and the aggressive nature of Nazi and Italian foreign policy. The signing of the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was extremely significant in regards to the outbreak of war in Europe. Both Germany and Russia possessedRead MoreThe Policy Of Appeasement During The Outbreak Of War Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the view that the policy of appeasement played a major role in the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939. After the mass amount of life lost in World War One, many countries, through the League of Nations, opted to prevent future conflict. Due to the failure collective security, the idea that countries could discourage aggression, appeasement became a policy adopted in the 1930s, especially by the British. Appeasement was developed in the belief that countries such as Germany were unfairlyRead MoreGermany Expansionism Leading Towards World War I1148 Words   |  5 PagesGerman Civilization 2320 Germany Expansionism Leading Towards World War I The Second Reich can be described as the period of German history when all of the previously fragmented German states became unified, excluding Austria, under the reign of Otto von Bismark. He led Germany to economic growth, rapid industrialization, and to become a powerful political force in Europe. However, Bismark’s reign only accounts for half of the Second Reich, the other half belonging to William II. After his fatherRead MoreThe Letters And Diaries Written By Harold Nicolson927 Words   |  4 Pagesprovides some insight on his life at the outbreak of the Second World War. This source analysis will focus on the political and social aspects revealed by Nicolson in his diaries. Harold Nicolson is best known for his diplomatic service before becoming an mp in 1935. However he is probably remembered best for his contribution through his diaries, which are widely recognised as they provide an alternative source for those studying this period before world war two. The year 1930 did indeed mark a turningRead Moreâ€Å"the First World War Did Not Arise Primarily as a Result of Planned German Aggression† How Far Do You Agree with This Opinion?1290 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The First World War did not arise primarily as a result of planned German aggression† How far do you agree with this opinion? Explain your answer, using sources 1, 2 and 3 and your own knowledge of the issues related to this controversy. There has been some controversy as to what or who was to blame for the outbreak of the First World War. Some people have taken the opinion that the war arose as a result of â€Å"planned German aggression† such as sources two and three, whereas source one is of theRead MoreThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Failure of the League of Nations and the Outbreak of War in 1939 There are many causes for the outbreak of the Second World War. 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It gave Hitler many oppurtunities to support his ambitions andRead MoreMoroccan Crisis and Assassination at Sarajevo1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhich was the more important reason for the outbreak of the First World War in 1914: The Moroccan Crises in 1905 and 1911 or the Assassination at Sarajevo 1914? I think that the Assassination at Sarajevo was a more important reason for the outbreak of war because it triggered the war. It was because of the Assassination at Sarajevo that led directly to the outbreak of war. Morocco was one of the few places in Africa that hadn’t been colonised by a European Power. France was trying to gain controlRead MoreThe Iran Iraq War1566 Words   |  7 Pageswhich made it the longest conventional war of the 20th century. The consequence of the war cost billions of dollars and millions of lives. The result of the war, although stalemate would be a critical factor that would shape the future of the Middle East. The historical deep-rooted hostile relationship that emanated from the ethnic Arab-Persian and religious Sunni- Shi’ite tensions between the two neighbouring countries contributed to the conditions necessary for war. Although many historians and scholars

Why The School Uniform Policy Is Such A Bad Idea - 1980 Words

Chalfonte Butler Mr. Meyer College Writing 1 10 December 2015 Ban School Uniforms There are so many reasons why the School Uniform policy is such a bad idea. Even though uniforms were recently imposed in certain locations, uniforms have been in existence for several centuries now. The first type of school uniform that was documented was a standard garment in 1222. In 16th century England, children in the Christ Hospital Boarding School were the creators of modern school uniform. They wore blue cassocks and yellow stockings; they were trying to mirror the image of the clergyman that they looked up to. School uniforms in the United States wasn’t all for the uniform system. All private and parochial was the first required to wear school uniform. The first states to implement uniforms in public schools were Maryland and Washington DC. Most states do not agree with requiring to wear uniforms, more school districts aren’t with requiring uniform. Uniforms only fuel commercial interests; they aren’t solving the problem that they we re implanted for. A lot of companies use the uniform system as a source of profit. There is a limitless profit on uniforms you can make the price for the uniform anything you want. That is why more corporations are beginning to require uniforms. It’s fair to say that some schools aren’t suggestions uniforms for the students but for the profit. Why would you support an idea that you think will benefit your child but really is for the money. While theShow MoreRelated Supporting School Uniforms Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pageswhether it is right or wrong to be made to wear School uniform is what I will be discussing. This is an issue as people have conflicting views on why we should be forced to wear these clothes. The majority believe this to be a commendable notion whereas some think it isnt worth it. Despite some good points for opposing uniform, my overall view is that it is a good idea. One of the the most debatable and contraversial issues when opposing School uniform is that it removes individual identity. TheRead MoreEssay about Arguement Against the Use of School Uniforms710 Words   |  3 Pages School Uniforms Many kids at their school do not like their uniforms or rules on school clothes.50% of students and parents on Debate.org say no to school uniforms.â€Å" Uniforms ugh, this is by a TEN YEAR OLD. Uniforms,you can be a bully target with uniforms.† This was by a real person on debate.org stating their opinion on uniforms. I personally agree because i have seen kids at the school I go to be bullied because they have a stain on their shirt, but they have to wear it because it’ schoolRead MoreSchools and Uniforms733 Words   |  3 PagesSchool Uniforms Uniforms in schools are a big debate around the world. Should we have uniforms in schools? The answer is yes because uniform help the schools. They bring to table a great deal of help because students are getting bullied, killed, and some may not have as much as other when shopping for clothes. Having uniforms bring safety to schools and what goes on after school. Why do we need uniforms? Most student have their own style, but a common argument against school uniforms is thatRead More Its Time for Uniforms in American Schools Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesIts Time for Uniforms in American Schools Works Cited Missing School uniforms have been debated in the public school system for what seem like fifty years. Understand the constructive views that most administrations envision, you start to recognize the goals associated with having students wear them; however, there is a flip side. The unenthusiastic views that are associated with school uniforms present an equally intriguing question. Should schools incorporate them into the curriculum or notRead More Supporting School Uniforms Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesSocialization and You: Students in Uniform Uniforms have helped develop many children socially into the people they are today. Presented in argument form is how the role expectations, social control, and values of being in uniform have helped me succeed. Being in school uniforms at an early age has centralized me to this idea. High school was the first time without being in uniform for me. It was a culture shock. People made fun of what you wore some days, or would look at you wrong. You were noRead MoreSchool Uniforms Help Improve The Learning Environment979 Words   |  4 PagesDo you know someone who wear a school uniform? Did you wear a uniform when you were in school? Have you felt uncomfortable because of wearing a uniform? There are many problems that are affecting Duplin County schools, such as bullying. It is an issue that can be prevented if many parents support the idea that school uniforms help to improve the learning environment. Using a school uniform may help students to understand that everyone is equal, and no one is better or less if they wear or not brandRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1646 Words   |  7 PagesSchools with Uniforms Should students have to wear school uniforms? Schools are always debating whether or not schools should enforce students to wear uniforms, or if it should not be necessary for students to wear uniforms. There are many reasons on why wearing uniforms in school is an amazing idea. For example, when students go on field trips during a regular school day, they are required to use uniforms. This allows students to be located, so that a teacher, or any adult designated to watch overRead MoreThe Importance Of School Uniforms In Schools1693 Words   |  7 Pagesprivate and public schools around America have a uniform policy. The idea of bringing uniforms to schools is an issue that has been discussed and argued about for many years. There are very few students who believe that uniforms should be required, and other students just dislike the colors that come with them. Although uniforms have been known to make students look decent, there are many negative side effects that come with them. S ome people think that a student wearing a uniform looks well and respectableRead MoreGraduation Speech : School Dress Codes790 Words   |  4 PagesDear American Education System, School dress codes. The very thing students hate dealing with at school, but yet it is the most enforced school policies. Everyone has a very solid idea about what students should and should not be aloud to wear to school. They have opinions on what is too short, what is too long, what is too tight, and what is too loose. A student could be sent home for breaking the dress code in turn missing out on important lessons and information they need to know in order toRead MoreSchool Uniforms, Stay Or Leave?1546 Words   |  7 Pages School Uniforms, Stay or Leave? Having school uniforms or dress codes, has both positives and negatives. Some people would like to believe that they help and play a role in students academic performance and behavior at school. However, others counter that, with it does not help, it only creates a bigger problem by enforcing the rules of a school dress code. According to School Uniforms: An Overview, the definition of dress code means, rules designed by school districts or individual schools

Analysis Of Managerial Issues In Organisation †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Managerial Issues In Organisation. Answer: Management issues The analysis of the case study shows that there are certain managerial issues that affect the working of the organisation. The issues include: Selection: The first problem that the organisation had was the selection of Tim. Without a proper background check of the work that he had done, Shannon had given Tom the job over dinner and due to a prior relationship that they had. Biases: Frank had sent an email to Shannon over Toms performance due to the failure to meet the standards of the organisation. The fact that Franks indifferent attitude towards Tom led to such an email indicates that Frank is being biased and wanting to fire Tom. Motivation: According to Schermerhorn et al. (2014), motivation plays an important role in increasing the efficiency of the employees. In this case, the attitude and mistrust shown by Frank over Tom had a de-motivating influence on the individual. Leadership: Leadership is another factor that is required for growth in an organisation (Chemers 2014). However, due to the indifferent attitude of Frank on Tom discussions regarding the meetings and open communication were not done. Unprofessional behaviour: Every organisation has the policy to treat its employees with respect. However, the indifferent attitude showed by Frank over the appointment of Tom indicates unprofessional behaviour as efforts were made to get rid of Tom from the organisation. Organisational impact The above-mentioned issues can have a serious negative impact on the quality of work of the organisation. The fact that sudden selection is done without proper procedure indicates that the organisation may not have a proper system for selection and recruitment (Cascio 2018). This can lead to huge losses for the organisation as the selected employee may not be effective for maintaining the quality and reputation of the organisation. The biased attitude shown by Frank over Tom is indicative of the violation of organisational policies. As stated by Marchington et al. (2018) performance appraisal needs to be done without any type of biases. Apart from this, it has been seen that Tom was not motivated enough by the organisation. This may lead to employee turnover as without motivation employees cannot work in an organisation. Leadership also need to be provided so that the employees can be guided to continue the good work. Lack of leadership may lead the employees to provide inefficient services to the organisation (Antonakis and House 2014). The lack of professional attitude shown by Frank over Tom can deplete the organisation of its resources. The fact that Tom had done well in his previous position as sales executive speaks highly of the talents of Tom. Hence, getting rid of such an individual due to personal issues can cause a huge problem for the organisation. The fact that Frank has been putting pressure on Tom to achieve certain improbable goals indicates his dislike for Tom. Such problems between two members in an organisation can bring about the downfall of the organisation, as both the individuals hold the important position in the organisation. Motivational theories Despite the indifferent attitude showed by Frank on Tom, the urgency of the project that he had assigned Tom, need to be considered. With a low-performance appraisal, score and the fact that Tom had been pressurised to work on Frank's project instead of the kiosk project is a cause of de-motivation for Frank. In this regard, it can be said that certain theories related to motivation can be used so that Tom can complete the work on time. One such motivational theory is Herzbergs dual factor theory of motivation. This theory suggests that human beings are driven by two factors, the hygiene and the motivating factor, in order to work efficiently. Job security, proper supervision on the job, policies of the company is some of the factors that if not met can lead an individual to be dissatisfied with the job (Ozguner and Ozguner 2014). Hence, it is necessary for Frank to maintain a proper supervision of the work done by Tom and provide him with the required support necessary for completing the work. In this regard, it can be said that Maslows hierarchy of needs can be applied to motivate Tom. As stated by Cherry (2014) one of the needs of an individual is the security of a job. Without a proper job, security employees can never be motivated to continue to work in an efficient manner. In the case of Tom, the indifferent attitude of Frank and the emailing of the performance appraisal letter had him insecure about his job. Frank need to reassure him that such is not the case and that Tom can keep his position as well as his job if he completes the project on time. Hence, it is necessary for Frank to set small goals for improving the performance of Tom. Specific goals can help an individual achieve the target rather than working without goals (Pinard 2014). This can be done by using the goal-theory which states that small goals are required for the success of an organisation. Frank needs to impose the urgency of the project in a lenient manner so that Tom does not feel any added pressure and continue with the project by providing his best efforts. Theories of Human Resources After analysing the performance of the organisation and the role that the individuals play in achieving an organisational target, it is necessary to apply certain human resource theories that can help in improving the efficiency and overall performance. In this regard, it can be said that the immediate issue that can be spotted is the issue related to a selection of employees. According to Sparrow, Brewster and Chung (2016), recruitment and selection are important for the success of an organisation. Without recruiting proper and talented candidates, organisations cannot hope to gain success in the competitive market. Hence, it is necessary for a candidate to undergo a proper recruitment process that involves various steps such as background check on the eligibility of the job, experience and the skills that are required for gaining success at the job. This is a long process and every individual needs to undertake this process for having a proper selection in the organisation. However, in the case of Tom, such a process was absent ass Tom got the job due to the goodwill of Shannon. This huge human resource issue led to the dislike of Frank, as Tom was a junior person in the organisation in which he worked earlier. Another important theory that can be applied is the performance management theory. It is to be noted that during performance management, the managers need to be unbiased on any of the employees (Pervin 2015). The employees need to be judged based on the work done during the work period. Personal issues need to be cast aside while conducting such an analysis. This leads to effective judgement of the performance of an employee. In the case of Tom, this was not the case as Frank had delivered sent the performancemanagement email to Shannon based on his dislike for Tom. This is an indication of de-motivation as well as based behaviour regarding a particular employee. The result of the email led to jeopardising the professional career of Tom. Thus, this acted as a de-motivating factor for the individual. Theories of leadership The attitude showed by Frank over Tom led to the rise of leadership issues within the organisation. It has been seen that the refusal to communicate properly with Tom and provide him with the empowerment to make decisions are indicative of the adoption of the autocratic type of leadership. According to Dinh et al. (2014), autocratic leaders take every decision-making powers in their own hands. The employees are not given any liberty to make decisions that can help in the success of the organisation. An autocratic leader dictates the things that they want the employees to do so that the team goals and the organisational goal can be achieved. In the case of Frank, this type of approach towards Tom can lead to more disappointment for the individual. Frank need to keep in mind that the project in which Tom is working on is important and need to be completed within the deadline provided. Hence, it is necessary for Frank to adopt a more subtle approach and adopt the democratic leadership style to help Tom be motivated in doing his work. According to Northouse (2015), democratic style of leadership acts as a form of a motivational factor for the employees as employees are provided with the opportunity to make their own decisions. Employees can be involved in the decision-making process and leaders following a democratic style encourage employees to innovate their thoughts. This leads to an improved performance among the employees and the efficiency increases. In the case of Frank, the adoption of this leadership approach can help him to motivate and encourage Tom from completing his work on time. Tom even has the urge to shift his job position to another department that does not involve Frank as a leader. Hence, to prevent such issues it is necessary for Frank to change his style of leadership. Reference Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2014. Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), pp.746-771. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Cherry, K., 2014. Hierarchy of needs.Retrieved Aug,16, p.2014. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Ozguner, Z. and Ozguner, M., 2014. A managerial point of view on the relationship between of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's dual factor theory.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(7). Pervin, L.A. ed., 2015.Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Psychology Press. Pinard, L., 2014. goal setting theory.Learning,4, p.06. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Woods, P., Simon, A. and McBarron, E., 2014.Management: Foundations and Applications (2nd Asia-Pacific Edition). John Wiley Sons. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.

Mental health Court Liaison Services

Question: Discuss about the Mental health Court Liaison Services. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the discussion is to evaluate how the Mental Health Court of Australia has been used. Greater focus will be made on the use of these institutions in Queensland. Mental Health Court in Queensland is unique; it has its flaws in terms of the constraint resources and it is the best system for those who have been charged with offences and also suffers through mental illness and disability. The Mental Health Court in Australia replaced the Mental Health Tribunal that used to serve the similar function and existed since 1980s. It was in February 2002, that this court started to function under the Mental Health Act 2000 (Mhrt.qld.gov.au 2016). The Court has two Supreme Court Judges, and they are assisted by two well experienced forensic psychiatrists. The major function of the Court is to determine the exact area where there remains the possibility of insanity or unfitness for trial. Liaison service of the Mental Health Court in Australia: All the Australian states and the territories have liaison with the Mental Health Courts except the Northern Territory (Davidson et al. 2016). The primary aim is to identify the health condition of the person who has been charged. The court liaison service is to identify the mental state by various stages of trail. The aim is to give justice to the sufferers rather than putting the person on remand for the crime that might have been conducted under unconsciousness (Scott et al. 2013). In the South East Queensland, the Metro North Mental Health Service Court Liaison Service provides service to the court. The primary purpose of this liaison is to take immediate response towards assessment, liaison, referral and even the diversion of the mentally ill individuals in the custody (Heslin et al. 2016). By the means of short term interventions, the prospected guilty are given assistance and support. This automatically facilitates a care for the people and correctional facilities to the community based services. Who can be charged in a Mental Health Court? The court is responsible for charging a person with any indictable offence. A person charge with claims like personal violence, assault to murder, and any psychotic assaults are charged in Mental Health Courts (Leese 2016). Other offences include sex or property related offences. However, sometime fraud committed by bipolar sufferers in a maniac phase or a person suffering from dementia, usually involve questions of unfitness. The Director of Mental Health, where a person with mental health issue is already present; the director of Public Prosecutions from the Supreme court or even a District court can refer a person to the Mental Health Court if found guilty (Heslin et al. 2016). However, these cases are not very common and those who are already in mental state are more likely to be referred here. It is only when the questions of unsoundness and unfitness are resolved by thorough checks and identifications the ill person is sent on the remand. How the Mental Health Court works? The reference of the person is accompanied with expert reports. Each party is supposed to present the reports to the court irrespective of the detrimental situation of the one found guilty. The court examines the report by the court-appointed experts (Scott et al. 2013). The assisted psychiatrists review the references and other accompanied information to determine the current state of the accused. In this respect, it has to be mentioned that due to constrained budgetary resources, the court at times often delay the procedure. It has been found that majority of the cases that are directed by the lawyers to the court. Many cases are dismissed at the court because it is observed that the guilty has committed the crime because the person is unsound or has been suffering from mental health issues (Morrison 2013). People accused of murder cases were also not found guilty due to their health state. The main courts have been relying on the service of these Mental Health Courts for proper justice to the accused. Conclusion: An analysis on the working of the Mental Health Court of Australia has been made. The Court is responsible to charge a person with unsound mental condition or other intellectual disability. A person who is not fit for trial in a Supreme or the District court is brought here. The judgement of the court is accompanied by the decision of forensic experts. References: Davidson, F., Heffernan, E., Greenberg, D., Butler, T. and Burgess, P., 2016. A critical review of mental health court liaison services in Australia: a first national survey.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,23(6), pp.908-921. Heslin, M., Callaghan, L., Barrett, B., Lea, S., Eick, S., Morgan, J., Bolt, M., Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., Healey, A. and Patel, A., 2016. Costs of the police service and mental healthcare pathways experienced by individuals with enduring mental health needs.The British Journal of Psychiatry, pp.bjp-bp. Leese, M., 2016. Mental Health Policing: A perspective from the front-lineof police custody. Mhrt.qld.gov.au 2016 Mental Health Review Tribunal Available at: https://www.mhrt.qld.gov.au/?page_id=30 [Accessed on: 25-3-2017] Morrison, A., 2013 Mental Health Court dismissed more than half of cases Available at: https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/mental-health-court-dismissed-more-half-cases-repo/1844170/ [Accessed on: 25-3-2017] Scott, D.A., McGilloway, S., Dempster, M., Browne, F. and Donnelly, M., 2013. Effectiveness of criminal justice liaison and diversion services for offenders with mental disorders: a review.Psychiatric Services,64(9), pp.843-849.

Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Service

Question: Discuss about the Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Service. Answer: Introduction This report highlights the importance of social work. The bridge of communication states the relationship that provides acts to be the vital link of human connection in two worlds service user world and the world related to the social worker and some other person as well (Devito, 2016). Negative experiences and events in life, such as, adversity, hardship and when let down by others can sometimes bring unhappiness in the life of the people, can cause confusion, mistrust, depression, etc. Everybody wants to feel better and positive about themselves and about others, in fact about the whole world around them (Nunnally Moy, 1989). But the main issue is that they do not have the knowledge to bring such change. It becomes important to take guidance from an expert. This is the concept of communication skills in human service and social work. It is a fact that positive experiences in life can bring better feelings in the life of the people such as, being confident, energized, optimistic, fulfilled, empowered and determined (Parton O'byrne, 2001).It will contribute by raising a sense of possibility and hope for oneself, for others and also for the entire world. This type of feeling will, therefore, bring more openness and confidence leading to other experiences that are highly positive. The following report will highlight the situation faced by Mr. Creswell and the ways to bring improvement in his life. The assumptions made about Mr. Creswell by first meeting with him and the basis for the assumptions From the given case study it can be assumed that Mr. Creswell is a polite and articulate man. He is a disciplined man. Earlier it was assumed that he is a person having bad character and intentions. He was a person having no values for human services and social work. But after the first meeting, views about him took a sudden change. He is a focused man, due to his sins he is now living his life with depression and still keeps hope of re-establishing his relations with his family. He wants to re-connect and start a new life. The basis for these assumptions is that Mr. Creswell was found guilty of sexual molestation. So earlier he was assumed to be a person who has no value for social and human services. But the interview changed some views towards him. Some reactions and emotions from Mr. Creswells story From the given case study, it is clearly understood that Mr. Creswell is living under depression because he was imprisoned for sexually molesting his wifes sister. Now after the release he has realised the importance of human relationships. He is hoping to live a better life in future with his family again. We can say that he did not have any bad intentions of getting involved in such crime and it just happened due to a certain situation. As while making a conversation with him he was very polite and seemed to be much disciplined. He is a man who knows what is right and what is wrong but due to wrong deeds he has still not been able to overcome his mistakes. He should start to make a fresh start by doing things that make him engaged and brings positivity. He should follow all the basic value ethics and human services to bring change in his life. Some ethics and professional principles that will be helpful in responding Mr. Creswell Basic conformity and honesty to law: Every person is bound, to tell the truth, to respect another person, to keep promises and to abide by the rules made by law. This level will relate to the basic adherence to the codes of morality that is expected from the society and all the persons (Willbern, 1984). To bring collective good in the society, there is some basis of behaviour that is generally expected. It is important for every person to follow these basic laws and moral codes. Ethical behavior requires that everyone uses a moral compass, that is, the indication to decide what is right and what is wrong in their actions and thinking. Ability will be developed to build trust in others. The ethic of social integration and compromise: This type of ethic may not be that important for a particular area as it may be for another. It relates with the necessity that is needed for making compromises in society. We all know that society has many irreconcilable issues (Donaldson Dunfee, 1999). Therefore, it becomes a responsibility of every individual to take care of such things and contribute towards solving theses issues. Legislators often establish positions in the political system and may not get what they desire from a particular legislation, but will bring settlement for some issues that they want (Russell, 2004). The importance of human relationships: Everybody in the society should know how important it is to maintain human relationships. Loneliness may bring negative thoughts and intentions in the mind of a person. Pain may bring difficulties in relying on future companions (Reece, 2012). All these things are a part of life. If there is difficulties in life there are some processes to heal such pain. It can be done by building human relationships. The connections between people will try to bring options to overcome pain and difficulties that may not be available to that person who lacks human relationships (Reece Brandt, 2008). This will develop a healthy feeling and generation of new ideas, relationships, and interactions. Respect for rights and dignity for other people: There should be respect, worth, and dignity for all the people. An individual should have rights to privacy, self-determination, and confidentiality (Barsky, 2009). Special safeguards should be necessary to provide protection for the welfare and rights of persons and communities. Integrity and Competence: Social worker seeks to promote honesty, accuracy, and truthfulness and this will be very helpful for Mr. Creswell. Integrity and competence will show the negative impacts caused due to cheating, dealing in a fraud manner and results of intentional crime (Hardcastle, 2011). This principle will help Creswell to make justifications ethically to minimize harm and maximize benefits. It is a serious obligation for a social worker to bring positive changes in the life of Creswell. The work of a social worker is to aspire and to promote wholeness in their clients, in them and in groups in which they work. It will be helpful for the social worker and Mr. Creswell in the following ways It will improve the professional responsibility by providing all these value ethics and principles to Mr. Creswell, a social worker will be successful in establishing a trust relationship with the client and other people with whom they work. It will improve their way of dealing with the professional responsibilities towards the community and society. These workers will uphold professional standards, will accept appropriate responsibility, and make clarifications for their professional obligations and roles. Social worker wants to maintain competence in their work to grow professionally as well as aims for the personal development. Such guidance interfaces with disciplines like anthropology, sociology, medicine, arts, and other physical and life sciences (Cree, 2013). They also strive to recognize what can be the limitations for their competence and solve this by making reasonable measures. The factors that can potentially interfere with the ability of a social worker to make full use of values, ethics, and principle Emotions, biasness, and negligence, can bring interference the professionalism in this case of Ms. Creswell. Emotions: Emotions can influence the professionalism of a social worker in providing his guidance. A professional should strike to keep a balance between emotional engagement and a professional distance (Kline Shoot, 2012). It may be difficult to maintain, but it is very vital to do so. Research experts say that many social workers get emotionally attached to their clients, and this should not happen. Moods and emotions are considered to be a part of life. But when it comes to professional case it should be avoided. Do not express emotions at work as it may create a thought in the mind of the client that the social worker is unprofessional (Ying, 2014). Biases: Biases can cause interference in the professionalism of a social worker and it should be avoided. It is because when it comes to bias, it is very bad, ugly and not good at all (Ala.org, 2016). It is developed due to the personal experiences. A social worker should always ensure that the decision is taken in a very fair and appropriate way. Negligence: Negligence can also interfere in such situation. A social worker should be totally involved while performing his duty and work. Negligence is not accepted and this will create a bad impression on his clients (Cournoyer, 2016). If the decision is taken on a basis of negligence Mr. Creswell may not be happy to accept the ethical values and principles discussed in this report. The steps to take after the interview From this discussion, we can say that Mr. Creswell is guilty of his deeds and wants to overcome this. To come out from depression, he should maintain human relationships and follow the ethical principles discussed above (Esile, 2016). Mr Creswell should start taking things in a realistic way and positively because negative thoughts is the trademark of depression. Such changes can take some time but staying persistence regarding this will surely make a major difference. As he is willing to improve his conditions in life, we may understand that may be he was not totally wrong for the allegations put over him. May be it was a mistake of another party (wifes sister). We have developed that Mr. Creswell is highly disciplined and polite so he might have taken the allegations sincerely without fighting back against it. Conclusion We can conclude by saying that it is important to abide by the human service and social work rules. Noncompliance will change your life as w can see in the given case of Mr. Creswell. Even if he wants to throw out the negative impacts he is not able to do that because of his misconduct and criminal action. Now that he wants to bring improvements in his life he should understand the value of ethics and start accepting them to gain his family back. References Ala,org. (2016). Bias in the Workplace. Retrieved 13th November 2016 from https://www.ala.org/advocacy/diversity/workplace/bias Barsky, A. (2009). Ethics and Value in Social Work: An Integrated Approach for a Comprehensive Curriculum. Oxford University Press. Cournoyer, B. (2016). The Social Work Skills Workbook. Cengage Learning. Cree, V. (2013). Becoming a Social Worker: Global Narratives. Routledge. Devito. (2016). Communication Skills in Social Work and Human Services (Custom Edition). Pearson Education Australia. Donaldson, T., Dunfee, T. W. (1999).Ties that bind: A social contracts approach to business ethics. Harvard Business Press. Esile, L. (2016). How to maintain a healthy relationship when youre depressed. Retrieved 13th November 2016 from https://tinybuddha.com/blog/how-to-maintain-a-healthy-relationship-when-youre-depressed Hardcastle, D. (2011). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. Oxford University Press. Kline, R Shoot, P. (2012). Professional Accountability in Social Care and Health: Challenging unacceptable practice and its management. Learning Matters. Nunnally, E Moy, C. (1989). Communication Basics Human Service Professionals. SAGE Publications. Parton, N O'byrne, P. (2001).Constructive social work: Towards a new practice. Macmillan Press. Reece, B Brandt, R. (2008). Student Achievement Series: Human Relations. Cengage Learning. Reece, B. (2012). Human Relations: Principles and Practices. Business Economics. Russell, B. (2004). Power: A New Social Analysis. Routledge. Willbern, Y. (1984). Types and levels of public morality.Public Administration Review,44(2), pg 102-108. Ying, L. (2014). Professionalism versus Emotions: Should we make room for emotions at our workplace? Retrieved 13th November 2016 from https://blog.nus.edu.sg/audreyc/2014/02/26/professionalism-versus-emotions-should-we-make-room-for-emotions-at-workplace-2

Qantas Airways Company Service Marketing

Introduction Qantas Airways has been in operation since 1920 when the airline was founded in Australia. The airline is well known for its comfortable and entertaining services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qantas Airways Company Service Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Passengers who have traveled using Qantas Airways have had the experience of a lifetime given that the company has been awarded many times for its in flight entertainment facilities. The airline operates in 40 countries while serving 140 destinations (Qantas Airways 2012). The airline has popularized the Sydney hub since it connects many destinations between North America and Australia. The company is also recognized for practicing excellence in the air transport business. Qantas Airways is hence recognized for its design, excellence and innovation in entertainment. Customers of Qantas Airlines nonetheless face certain risks when they interact with the company. These are elaborated in this paper. Financial risks Passengers of Qantas Airways face the risk of financial losses if they fail to make it on time for their flights. This is the same case as for all major airlines which have strict policies to counter lateness. There is always the threat of loss of belongings if passengers are not vigilant while traveling. Passengers can lose valuable belongings and even money if they are careless while in the middle of strangers. Even though the company is doing well in terms of prestige and flight operations, shareholders are always prone to losses because of uncertainties in the stock markets (Laroche 2003). For instance, there was a workers strike in 2011 that crippled the airline’s operations. The stock prices of the airline can be affected by such occurrences which affect investor confidence. Flight travel also involves many unanticipated expenses such as entertainment (newspapers/ magazines), extra food and d rinks, unknown taxes and cargo charges to and from an airport.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Functional risks Passengers of Qantas Airways face many functional risks. Passengers who pay for flights are assured of excellent services but the quality of these activities is as per the criteria set by the airline. What the managers consider quality might not please customers and so excellence is never guarantee. For instance, the entertainment facilities installed in the airline in the form of movies and music might appeal to the youth but appear irrelevant to older passengers. Passengers of Qantas Airways carry plastic money in the form of credit cards (MasterCard/ Visa). These do not guarantee successful completion of transactions because some service operators do not accept them in their business facilities. Currency problems also affect many passengers and they may not be a ble to carry out certain transactions in various locations. Passengers cannot be certain that their flights will all arrive in time so that they can get to their destinations at the desired time. Some of the functional risks are related to external factors such as unfavorable weather and violence in some regions. These affect the airline’s ability to deliver its services to the customers (Bennett and McColl-Kennedy 2003). When these situations occur, customers get their flights delayed and they end up arriving late at their destinations. Customers are always liable to suffer from temporal risks involving long queues in airports at certain seasons (Bitran and Mondschein 1997). The airline industry operates on seasons which are described as either high season or low season. During the high season such as around Christmas time, passengers face overcrowding and long queues when boarding flights or booking for air tickets. Psychological risks Passengers who are not complacent with international languages such as English, French, Spanish or Chinese might not be able to communicate effectively with flight attendants. This makes it difficult for them to ask for snacks or directions to the bathroom. Psychological factors affect how customers perceive certain situations (Shemwell and Cronin 1994). Since Qantas Airways is based in Sydney, some passengers might not want to be associated with it. People from conservative regions such as India and the Middle East might only want to travel with Arabian or Indian airlines such as Qatar and Emirates Airlines. They might fear that their friends and relatives might not approve of their decisions to travel in an airline that offers secular music and movies for entertainment. Business clients might also fear that their prestige might be lowered if they do not travel with airlines such as Emirates, Virgin Atlantic of KLM.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qantas Airways Company Service Marketing specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The safety and comfort of passengers traveling on Qantas Airways might be affected psychologically by the sitting arrangement. For instance, those seated at the back seats might experience smells from the bathroom while those seated where the wing of the plane is might not be able to look outside and view features through the window. Conclusion Qantas Airways tries to reduce the impact of these risks by elevating the quality of their services to world class standards. Likewise, the airline offers the same services offered by other prestigious airlines. The airline can however strategize on how to how to get sources of entertainment from every region or allow customers to carry their own materials while on the plane. List of References Bennett, R McColl-Kennedy, JR 2003, Services Marketing: A Managerial Approach, John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD. Bitran, G Mondschein, S 1997, â€Å"Managing the Tug-of-War Betwe en Supply and Demand in the Service Industries†, European Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 523- 536. Laroche M, Bergeron J Goutaland C 2003, â€Å"How intangibility affects perceived risk: the moderating role of knowledge and involvement†, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 122-140. Qantas Airways, 2012, Qantas Airways Named Top Airline For In-Flight Entertainment, viewed on https://www.qantas.com/gb/en.html. Shemwell, DJ Cronin, J 1994, â€Å"Services Marketing Strategies for Coping with Demand/Supply Imbalances†, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 14-24Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Qantas Airways Company Service Marketing was written and submitted by user Bella Franco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reflection Paper - Wagner Self Concept free essay sample

According to Wagner, self-concept is that image or mental picture of our invisible self, a feeling of being a person, sense of somebody or of being nobody (p. 5). There are three functional aspects of self concept: appearance, performance and status. It is noteworthy that our feeling of identity of being somebody is derived from feelings when rated by others (p. 13). I could identify with these three aspects of self-concept. Several years ago, when I left my job to be a stay home mum, I struggled with redefining my self-concept. What am I? Why is Self-concept important? While I subsequently found my significance in Christ, I am further enlightened by Wagner’s discussion on of self-concept and its importance. An adequate self-concept is a precious possession that enable one live a useful and productive life, he is emotionally secure and functions from inner resources in a crisis. He accepts his appearance and views his shortcomings as problems to be overcome and not judge himself as a bad person. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper Wagner Self Concept or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He functions because he knows he is and not always trying to become. A person with inadequate self-concept tends to focus his energy and efforts to establish his self-identity, to measure up, his mind is divided into coping with his rectifying this inadequacy and normal living (p. x, 15) What Make Up Self-concept? Wagner paints a picture depicting the cycle of how inadequate self-concept is developed. The feelings of belonging, worthiness and competence form the essential elements of self-concept, they blended together like musical chords (p. 17). When one’s sense of being somebody is threatened, he reacts negatively with hostility, guilt or fear. When he tries to force the situation to change through his hostility, he loses his sense of belonging. When he forces himself to change because he is feeling guilty, he compromises his worthiness. In fear or anxiety tries to protect himself from the threat, his competence is lost. The elements of self-concept are all weakened and emotional insecurity increases and these negatives reactions block empathy and he cannot sense love or show love. Therefore in attempting to correct the threat, his hostility, guilt and fears interfere with the remedy (p. 28). This is very illuminating to me, it enables me to have a good understanding of the causes and effects of emotions in self-concept, which is so crucial if I will be a counselor in future. How did Self-concept come from? Wagner believed that one’s self-concept is accumulated from memories from the day he is born, from basic need of feeding, teething and toilet training and later discipline. The needs and emotions of these growing up activities all affected his emotions of belonging, worthiness, and competence and ultimately his sense of being somebody or nobody. If he is raised with love and correct discipline, these beneficial influences will develop in good self-concept. However if his critical emotional needs are not met, the child is often angry and manipulative of his parents and parental love is given conditional on his performance, the child will develop an inadequate self-concept. While I am no expert in this area, I had some reservations about this. Childhood experiences while important cannot be the sole contributory factor in development of self-concept. Too much blame is apportioned to ineffective parenting. Many of our parents’ love are not ideal and somewhat lacking. In the sixties where I grew up, economies were bad, families were large. Parents spend much of their time stressed out trying to put food on the table. Love if existent was non expressive and unfelt. Disciplines were strict and severe. But a whole generation has grown into adults; many are well adjusted individuals with adequate self concept and functioning properly. My personal opinion is that, what is past is passed; there is no point in examining too much what happened during childhood. We should instead focus on remedy and healing and what can be done. Having said that, I would agree with Wagner that love for our children must not be conditional upon his performance or behavior. As far as possible we must love our children with an unrelenting and voluntary love (p. 47). In disciplining our children, care must be taken not to do so in anger or humiliate him. We must not be overly strict but allow the child space to explore and experiment (p. 63). What Self-concept is not – False Security and Self Verification False security is caused by repression of unwanted feelings and keeping hese out of awareness, when hostility, guilt and fear is repressed, insecurities developed. When the nobody is repressed, the person proves to himself through his appearance, performance or status that he is not a nobody. This process is called self-verification and relate to three basic desires: being wanted (belonging), being good (worthiness) and being adequate (competence) (pp. 9 5- 96). Self verification gives temporary feelings of being somebody, but the need for this process keep recurring, therefore it is self-perpetuating. I felt that this is good insight why insecure people worked so hard to look good, and to succeed. Unfortunately self verifications do not work, as evidenced by King Solomon’s conclusion in Ecclesiastes 1:2 Meaningless! Meaningless! . . . Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless Many people climb those ladders to success, only to discover when they reach the top that they are leaning against the wrong wall! The only identity equation that works is me +GOD = ME. What is secure self-concept? Secure self-concept must be based on unconditional love which is found only in God’s love. God is the only reliable source of true love as God is love (1 John4:8). God loves us because we are somebody to Him. We have intrinsic value. He did not love us because we love Him, His love cannot be manipulated, He is someone in authority who is always honest and fair and does not hide the truth about us (p. 104). When we come to God in faith we come into a relationship with him, we are firstly justified and healed with a restored sense of being somebody, a sense of awareness as a whole person which in turn give have hope in God and incite obedience to God (pp. 10-113). However, we still need to grow in our ability to move from relatives to absolutes are as God is Holy and good (absolutes) and overcome self-verification. This means that we can accept ourselves as being bad, a nobody because God can accept us in so doing, we are free to move towards being godly, applying ourselves to do God’s will (p. 129). This is so liberating and refreshing. Wagner said that in relating t o God as a Father who accepts us as we are, validates our sense of belonging. God is pleased to acknowledge us as sons (Rom 8:15-17). In relating to Jesus, our sins are forgiven, there is no more guilt and condemnations, our worthiness are validated. In relating to the Holy Spirit, we are comforted and enabled therefore competent. These thoughts are indeed very re-affirming and reassuring. What next? In coming to faith, our self concept is settled, this allows us to love God and others as commanded in Matthew 22:37-39. We may be faced with antagonistic situations that threaten our sense of being somebody. We therefore need to grow in our Christian life through reading God’s Word, prayer and fellowship with other Christians.

Essay Role of Odp Essay Example

Essay Role of Odp Essay Example Essay Role of Odp Paper Essay Role of Odp Paper The role of a qualified operating department practitioner is to provide high standards of peri-operative care to patients whilst also giving skilled support to surgeons, anaesthetists and/or theatre nurses. ODP’s need a broad knowledge and skill base that includes excellent communication skills, management skills and teamwork skills, as they are involved with the assessment, delivery and evaluation of peri-operative care. There are three phases to peri-operative care; the anaesthetic phase, the surgical phase and the recovery phase. Within each phase there is a different role for the ODP to undertake. In the anaesthetic phase ODP’s assist in the care of the patient prior to surgery ensuring the safety and comfort of the patient at all times. They also prepare the anaesthetic equipment and room and assist the anaesthetist throughout. In the surgical phase ODP’s work as part of the operative team in a few roles that include the â€Å"scrubbed† role, infection control, wound management and the application of the aseptic technique. In the process of the surgical phase ODP’s work in the â€Å"scrubbed† role preparing all the equipment and necessary instruments needed for the procedure, working with the surgeon to assist in the procedure providing all the correct instruments and materials. They must also ensure health and safety throughout the surgical procedure and to ensure that all instruments, equipment and swabsare are accountable. ODP’s prepare the theatre and the equipment whilst also acting as a link between the surgical team and other parts of the hospital. In the recovery phase ODP’s are involved in all aspects of patient care in the recovery unit, including monitoring, supporting them and providing treatment until the patient has recovered. ODP’s then assess the patient to evaluate whether they can return to the ward. They then must evaluate the care given during all the three stages of peri-operative care. (NHS careers, 2012). ODP’s tend to have a flexible, adaptable approach to the role and have a caring nature with good communication and teamwork skills as they tend to work with a variety of people like porters, ward nurses, healthcare support workers, theatre nurses, anaesthetists, surgeons, other ODP’s and patients from all walks of life. The role can have its challenges as you are dealing with patients who can become very stressed and/or emotional when coming to theatre and everyone is different so react differently, ODP’s need to be able to deal with all situations quickly and effectively in a caring and professional manner. In the role ODP’s can face other problems that are caused by language barriers and/or communication problems that they will need to overcome, plus more importantly, emergency situations can happen any time and ODP’s need to react quickly and professionally to ensure the safety of the patient and other’s around. The role can be emotionally and physically challenging but it does have its advantages; the role is very diverse throughout with support in all areas. It can involve a good progression up to team manager or theatre manager level with good rates of pay and professional development. As generally with any hospital role this involves shift patterns that can include early (8am-5/6pm), late (12 noon-9pm) and night shifts (9pm-8am), which are around 37. 5 hours a week. (Day in the life, 2012).

Night Collecting Insects With a Black Light Sheet

Night Collecting Insects With a Black Light Sheet Entomologists often collect night-flying insects using a black light and sheet. The black light is suspended in front of a white sheet. Insects attracted to ultraviolet light fly toward the light, and alight on the sheet. Professional night collecting equipment often consists of a durable white sheet attached to a collapsible frame, constructed from aluminum tubes like to the frame of a camping tent. The black light is suspended from a cord running from the top of the sheet to the ground, or is mounted on a tripod on one or both sides of the sheet. For an amateur insect collector, purchasing this equipment can be expensive. You can make your own night collecting equipment to save money. While your homemade collecting equipment might take a little longer to set up, it will work just as well as equipment purchased commercially. You will need: a length of rope, long enough to span the width between two trees in your chosen collecting areaa black lightan old white sheetclothespins (optional)a power source for your light, if its not battery-operated Tie the rope so it spans between two trees, at about eye level. Make sure you tie it securely, so it will hold the weight of your sheet without drooping. Drape the white sheet over the rope, allowing 1-2 feet of the sheet to lie horizontally on the ground. Some insects prefer to land on vertical surfaces, while others like horizontal surfaces. The latter group will collect on the part of your sheet that is lying on the ground. If your sheet is not long enough, you may need to attach the sheet to the rope using clothespins to allow extra length on the ground. Black lights sold by science or entomology supply companies tend to be more rugged and last longer for outdoor use. You may be able to buy a less expensive black light from a discount or party supply store. If you dont have a black light, you can use an incandescent light, a portable fluorescent light, or even a camping lantern, and still get a good result. Suspend your black light in front of the sheet, near the top. You can tie the light from a branch using some extra rope, or run another length of rope between the trees and attach the light to it. If you use a battery-operated light, you will have more flexibility in locating your collecting sheet. A light that uses AC power may require a long extension cord. At dusk, turn your light on. Monitor the sheet periodically, checking for interesting specimens to collect or photograph. You can use forceps or an aspirator to collect moths, beetles, or other insects that land on your sheet without damaging them.

t Laughed, I Would Have Cried

I was indestructible. I was ruthless. I broke out, hurling a flurry of precise, mastered and skilful kicks. Each kick grew in supremacy, as I glared at my opponent’s face: grief stricken and glazed with unmistakable distress. Each kick neared her towards tasting the bitterness of a palpable defeat. Rhapsody enticed my face as I smirked mercilessly. I emerged from under the bedclothes and encountered the mottled morning light. Today was the day my dreams would become reality. I had always harboured a competitive streak but I was not always good at actually realising it. This was to be my first Taekwondo competition and the desire to win was overwhelming. I affectionately selected my loose white uniform that hung alongside my green school dress. Each Sunday morning for the past twelve months I had religiously swapped the academic rigidity of school for the physical rigidity of Taekwondo and noticed that even now, the whiteness of my uniform was a little dulled and the threads slightly frayed, revealing the chronic blows that it had suffered. Two badges were sewn onto the front by unorthodox and jagged black threads, visibly overlapping the stark whiteness of my uniform. Each badge bore the fist of a martial artist and was intended to highlight strength, skill and indomitable spirit. However, despite the air of sophistication emitted by the badges, my clumsy Year 10 stitching defeated their purpose as being signs of professionalism. My transformation was almost complete. I picked up my belt and placed it around my waist, cautious to avoid any untidy overlapping. Tying a taut knot, the two remaining straps were left to suspend freely, yet, their presence did nothing except weigh heavily on my pride. I was a yellow belt, a mere novice, and felt demeaned by such a lowly status. Nevertheless I managed to reassure myself, this was to be the final day I would have to endure the humiliation of this sallow shade. I surveyed my ref... 't Laughed, I Would Have Cried Free Essays on If I Hadn\'t Laughed, I Would Have Cried I was indestructible. I was ruthless. I broke out, hurling a flurry of precise, mastered and skilful kicks. Each kick grew in supremacy, as I glared at my opponent’s face: grief stricken and glazed with unmistakable distress. Each kick neared her towards tasting the bitterness of a palpable defeat. Rhapsody enticed my face as I smirked mercilessly. I emerged from under the bedclothes and encountered the mottled morning light. Today was the day my dreams would become reality. I had always harboured a competitive streak but I was not always good at actually realising it. This was to be my first Taekwondo competition and the desire to win was overwhelming. I affectionately selected my loose white uniform that hung alongside my green school dress. Each Sunday morning for the past twelve months I had religiously swapped the academic rigidity of school for the physical rigidity of Taekwondo and noticed that even now, the whiteness of my uniform was a little dulled and the threads slightly frayed, revealing the chronic blows that it had suffered. Two badges were sewn onto the front by unorthodox and jagged black threads, visibly overlapping the stark whiteness of my uniform. Each badge bore the fist of a martial artist and was intended to highlight strength, skill and indomitable spirit. However, despite the air of sophistication emitted by the badges, my clumsy Year 10 stitching defeated their purpose as being signs of professionalism. My transformation was almost complete. I picked up my belt and placed it around my waist, cautious to avoid any untidy overlapping. Tying a taut knot, the two remaining straps were left to suspend freely, yet, their presence did nothing except weigh heavily on my pride. I was a yellow belt, a mere novice, and felt demeaned by such a lowly status. Nevertheless I managed to reassure myself, this was to be the final day I would have to endure the humiliation of this sallow shade. I surveyed my ref...

Student as a Product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student as a Product - Assignment Example There are also a number of responsibilities attached to it. These include among others, target marketing to augment the company’s sales function and management and delivery of market research. The job also requires its holder to investigate and regularly distribute competitor intelligence and research. The basic pay attached to this position is $60,000 - $80,000 per year on a full-time employment basis (BAE Systems Detica, p.1). According to the government, defense and security companies are a formidable avenue of personal and national growth. As a certified security provider, BAE Systems Detica is at the forefront of intelligence security. National security has been of major concern since 9/11, making the intelligence security industry a thriving and integrated sector of the economy. Regulatory and demographic trends within the industry entail among others government streamlining of the intelligence security sector through regulations (Farese, Kimbrell, and Woloszyk, p. 497). Furthermore, the current demographics show the incident of national insecurity as lower than previous years; this means that more attention can be paid to augmenting the current intelligence systems to offer robust services in the future. Competitors for this job have a great understanding of the financial services regulatory environment, as well as experience of working alongside third party suppliers who are predominant in the industry. The industry is not very competitive as few companies offer such comprehensive intelligence solutions. With regard to my SWOT analysis, my major strengths are proficiency in written and verbal English, as well as fluent communication of French. In addition, I am a self starter and innately motivated person always willing to further my knowledge scope. Major weakness is my inability to adjust to new environments quickly. I can enhance my strengths by enrolling in training programs to augment my knowledge of the intelligence industry. Minimizing my weaknesses will entail forming cordial relations with those in my new environment. The biggest competitive advantage I have is my adeptness in computer systems and knowledge of advanced computer programming. The external environment offers immense opportunities such as training programs on financial, regulatory systems of the world, in addition to other languages, for example, German and Spanish, which are essential in the intelligence industry. The environment also poses the threat of competition. It is highly probable that there are other job applicants better qualified than me (Karnes and Stephens, p. 178). Upon graduation, my personal objectives shall include improving my skills through continuous training to horn my knowledge of pertinent matters, as well as augmenting my interrelation skills and team spirit, which are essential in everyday life and the work environment, by engaging in community service such as peer education. Professionally, I endeavor to employ my competencie s and capabilities effectively, while at the same time coordinating my efforts with other team members. As a product, in order to meet the needs of the employer, I need to be adept in both written and verbal communication and have good presentation skills. Correspondingly, I have immense

To describe and assess the listeners experience of two different Essay

To describe and assess the listeners experience of two different compositions or two performances of the same composition - Essay Example Sometimes it is created by â€Å"mixing† of several parts of the original composition, superimposing various sounds on it, special effects, change the tempo, key, and so on. There are different branches of re-mix, so-called megamix (compilation of several pieces of music), and a re-make re-work. Looking at the pages of musical history, it is worth noting that the dawn of the era of the remix was at the end of the 20th century and nowadays. The fact is hat the technique is developing in parallel with improvement of remixing recording equipment. If person means taking as a basis the essence re-mix, reworking the melody, this trend has appeared in music long before the development of technology. One of the distinguishing features of the popularization of remixes, for example, the front direction of dance music, was the desire of musicians and DJs to return to the former popularity in some songs, giving them a â€Å"second birth†. In 1972, when songs like "Hey Jude" The Beatles and "Layla" by Eric Clapton and Derek and the Dominos paved the way long songs in the charts, re-issued it and â€Å"Nights in White Satin† quickly gained gold status. The song was written by Justin Hayward, when he stayed with a friend in Swindon in England on a bed with satin sheets. Experts find that the song is very autobiographical: the musician has just started a serious relationship (Manuel et al.56). Hayward was only nineteen at that time. Most listeners heard this song in the music collections and on the radio, so not everyone knows that the album called â€Å"Nights in White Satin† was significantly longer. The single cut the orchestral introduction and the final, as well as the poem â€Å"Late complaint† written by keyboardist Mike Pinder and recited by drummer Graeme Edge. It must be said that the record was really teamwork. The authors of all the songs were listed as

Identify and Summarize Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice Research Paper

Identify and Summarize Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice Management - Research Paper Example The system works to protect those who are accused as well; they have rights and opportunities under the system to protect themselves. In today’s criminal justice system the potential pitfalls are not seen to be a problem as much as it has been in the past. The criminal justice system is equal and is said not to take religion, race or any social differences into consideration because this would show unequal rights. The rule is that no difference such as the above should reflect the proper application of law. The drawback of the â€Å"unwritten† code in the Criminal Justice System is that colleagues will always side with each other as they will know each other on a personal level; this would be seen as bias. The law enforcement agencies are seen as â€Å"union† which means they all stick together. This has advantaged as working well together helps the system. However on the other hand the serious amount of power that is given to them that could be abused through th e legal system. The Criminal Justice System has three parts to it legislative, adjudication and corrections. Legislative means the law that is created, adjudication is the courts and corrections is the prisons and jails. The Criminal Justice System is made from the three parts above and all agencies work together under the law, to prevent crime and to follow procedures correctly. In America there is a need to defend, protect and shield themselves and their properties. The formation of laws is an essential structure of fortification and the organization of a system to pertain and to impose these laws, is crucial. In this work I will be looking at the contemporary issues in criminal justice management and comparing and contrasting different community organizational and individual’s responses to contemporary. The Criminal Justice System is set to be, â€Å"The purpose of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to deliver justice for all.† Criminal Justice is the fundamental system of institution and organizations of governments focussed at preserving crime and stopping crime. The system works to protect those who are accused as well; they have rights and opportunities under the system to protect themselves. The ethical codes in the Criminal Justice System show similarities, however only a minority mentions the Bill of Rights. The Code of Ethics in the Academy of Criminal Justice Science is widespread. The Academy has been told about the issues surrounding them, some say they may misuse powers and try to influence results and misuse their authority in a wrong way. The members of the Academy should make sure they produce results fairly for everyone. The Code of Ethics could be interpreted slightly different to different states however the main principle is all the same. An ethical code by definition supplies a dilemma at times. Ethics is about personal views and personal opinions as everyone interprets meanings and definitions differently. The ethical co de should be there to give guidelines to someone who is new to the system. The interesting factor was that the ethical code was not seen to be standard and that the code varied from state to state. However the following declaration "The American correctional Association expects of its members unfailing honesty, respect for the dignity and individuality of human beings and a commitment to professional and compassionate

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country Essay - 1

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country - Essay Example In medicine, research mainly involves interactions with living things such as human subjects and therefore there is great need to have knowledge of ethical issues in medical research. This ensures that study subjects are treated well and that no harm begets them in the course of a study. When dealing with human subjects, researchers should make sure that risk levels are minimal to prevent any harm. Human subjects, should be handled like normal human beings and not just like mere study subjects. In a bid to reduce risk levels, federal laws have clauses protecting human subjects for the federal funded projects. The clauses insist that risk levels should be equivalent to results expected (Brown, Anderson, Chervin, Kushida, Lewin, Malow, Redline, and Goldman, 2011, p.1). This implies that study subjects should not be exposed to extremely high risks for research projects that only have little significance. In a bid to prevent harm to human subjects, use of placebos is allowed under special conditions. Use of placebos should not be used for all studies but only to the studies that have no proven alternative study approach. However, in some cases the risk levels may pose a challenge to determine and are therefore not known. This implies that there is no certainty of the risks involved for that particular study. In such a scenario use of placebos may be recommended in order to reduce harm chances. However, this does not mean that placebos are always the chosen option in all such cases. Other methods such as use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in disease processes associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may be preferred depending on the nature of the study. Nevertheless, this methods are followed by strict instructions that involve keeping human subjects from participating in all activities that pose risks. For example, under CPAP, human subjects at high risks of car crashes due to sleepiness may be advised not to drive when feeling even

Bussiness memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussiness memo - Assignment Example In spite of the fact that the essentials of satellite correspondences are reasonably clear, there is a colossal financing needed in building the satellite and propelling it into space (Verma et al ). All things considered numerous correspondences satellites exist in circle around the globe and they are generally utilized for an assortment of requisitions from giving satellite telecommunications connections to guide television and the utilization of satellite telephone and singular satellite correspondence joins. However, satellite correspondences frameworks give huge levels of adaptability and versatility give the open doors to numerous satellite interchanges frameworks (Macy et al ). In spite of the fact that the beginning base expenses are high, frequently new remote stations could be included moderately economically as new lines dont have to be introduced to give correspondence to the new remote station, not at all like wire based telecommunications frameworks or numerous physical remote connections were repeater stations may be required. Here the satellite empowers correspondences to be created over substantial separations - well past the viewable pathway. Correspondences satellites may be utilized for some requisitions including transferring phone calls, giving interchanges to remote territories of the Earth, giving satellite interchanges to ships, flying machine and other portable vehicles, and there are a lot of people more courses in which interchanges satellites could be utilized (Helfers 415). Verma, Ajeet Singh, et al. "Measurement of reliability and availability of satellite communication links: Progress and challenges."Â  Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP), 2013 International Conference on. IEEE,

Research Indicates Essay Example for Free

Research Indicates Essay Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Every people in our life born with some parametrics, like health, mental power and another ones. Some people think that the initial characteristics influence on our development and personality. I agree with it, but I think that any experience in our life have more impact too. Let us consider it. First of all, people learn anything during whole life. When people born they learn how to eat, how to move, how to read, write and another. All of these depend on our life experience, not on our characteristics. Secondly, each time when we make mistake, we try to analyze why it happened and how to prevent mistakes like this. We are developing according our mistakes. Also, parents have greatest influence on their children personality as from the early ages they teach children every aspects of life. Parents explain to their children what is right, what is wrong. According to this, children develop their positive or negative worldview. Also person who has good characteristics will study, work hard and develop his experience it will influence his development in life. In conclusion, I believe that the life experience has a great influence on our character and the man is never too old to learn. Is your memory changing with age? People who believe they have a poor memory are usually no worse at remembering than whose who believe they have a good memory. One theory for this is that people are influenced by their general beliefs about how memory changes with age. If you believe your memory will get worse as you grow older, you will pay more attention to memory failures and each bout of forgetfulness will reinforce your belief that your memory is getting worse. Common everyday memory failures tend to be judged more harshly when these failures belong to an older person. A large scale study over a ten year period found that cognitive decline is not a normal part of aging for most elderly people. 70% of the adults in the study showed no decline in memory. What has been found is that there are factors that may affect memory in older adults. These are high blood pressure, obesity and smoking. Is your memory changing with age?