Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Via Fischer Esterification Essay Example for Free

Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Via Fischer Esterification Essay Isopentyl acetate, banana oil, is a naturally occurring compound that has a very distinct and recognizable odor. It is most commonly found in bananas but also can be found in other organisms. The purpose of this lab was to synthesize the ester isopentyl acetate via an acid catalyzed esterification (Fischer Esterification) of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier were the pioneers of this reaction referred to as Fischer Esterification. The reaction is characterized by the combining of an alcohol and an acid (with an acid catalyst) to yield and ester plus water. In order to accomplish the reaction, the reactants were refluxed for an hour to yield the product. The advantages of using this particular esterification process is that is fairly simple to set up and recreate, as long as the proper acidic conditions are present. Experimental Section: The first step in this experiment was to set up a ring stand which will hold the glassware while the reflux process is occurring. After the ring stand was set up, a heating mantle was placed underneath the round-bottom flask and two rubber hoses were attached to the condensing tube. Now that the instruments were set up, the reagents were ready to be weighed and then added. Approximately 5 ml of isopentyl alcohol was added to a 10 ml graduated cylinder. Next, a 25 ml round bottom flask was placed on a cork ring and then tared on the balance. The alcohol was then added to the flask and the mass was recorded in a notebook. 7 ml of acetic acid was then added to the 10 ml graduated cylinder and then transferred to the 25 ml round bottom flask which already contained the alcohol. Approximately 1 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added to the 25 ml round bottom flask and the mixture was swirled. Finally, a boiling chip was added to the round bottom flask and the reflux procedure was ready to commence. Water was then circulated through the condenser and the reaction was refluxed for an hour. After an hour went by, the reaction was removed from the mantel, while the condenser still circulated with water, and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Once cooled, the mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel using the funnel while avoiding adding the boiling chip. 10 ml of water was then added to the mixture. The mixture was gently shaken and the phases were allowed to separate. The funnel was then unstopped and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. 5 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO3 was added and then shaken gently. A great deal of caution was taken into consideration because of the production of carbon dioxide gas which caused pressure to develop inside the funnel. The pressure needed to be released so the funnel was vented frequently. The phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phases was drained into the beaker. After draining, 5 ml of saturated NaCl was added to the funnel and then shaken gently. Once again, the phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. An ester product was produced and was transferred into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. This organic product was then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 to trap small amounts of water in its crystal lattices thus removing it from the product. Finally the ester was decanted, so that the drying agent was excluded from the final product. Results and Discussion: Fischer esterification is the primary way of synthesizing this ester. The reactants involved in this reaction are isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid. Fischer esterification is the nucleophilic addition of isopentyl alcohol to the carbonyl group of the protonated acetic acid. Nucleophilic addition is followed by elimination of a proton. An unstable tetrahedral intermediate forms. This intermediate undergoes dehydration and reforms the carbonyl group. Reformation of the carbonyl group forms the isopentyl acetate. The driving force behind the mechanism of this reaction is the acidic environment. Conclusion: Fischer esterification is a very simple and useful method that anyone with a slight knowledge of chemistry could accomplish. It is widely utilized throughout the world of chemistry and can be used to produce many products, including isopentyl acetate.

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction About 30% of entire worldwide land area includes populated arid and semi-arid areas. The major obstacle to socio economic development in these areas is Water shortages. The essential ideology for the allocation of water resources are effectiveness, equity, and sustainability, with the endeavor of give the utmost advantage for society, environment and economy, at the same time as to maintain reasonable allocation amid various areas and people. Sustainable economic development in arid and semi-arid areas relies a lot on sustainable water resource management. The lucid allocation of water resources needs a multifaceted balance between demand and supply, in various economic sectors particularly athwart sub-areas in arid and semi-arid climate areas. Regional development planning needs to incorporate economic objectives with issue including historical, technological, and natural resource constraints. Jointly, these factors effect populace distribution, economic structure and prototype of ecology and therefore, the extent of water distributed for these purposes in arid and semi-arid areas. Regional community, economic and ecological dissimilarity necessitate special sustainable development strategies in province of water scarcity. This study assesses the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world. Background Brisk industrialization, urbanization, and population growth in arid countries are wielding rising pressure on local water authorities and water planners to gratify the emergent urban water demand. Since accessibility of conventional sources of fresh water lacks for drinking use, seawater water desalination, in accumulation to partial groundwater resources, are the chief water supply sources for urban utilization. In last two decades, urban water stress has increased considerably, owing to fast urbanization and industrialization, population growth and development in living standards. Facts and Figures With a soaring average growth rate of over 3.4% the population amplified from around 17.688 million in 1970 to 38.52 million in 1995. It is predicted to get to 81.25 million in 2025. The urban population is anticipated to ascend from 60% in 1995 to over 80% in 2025. Curriculum has been made for improved leakage control in networks of domestic water. They have been also incorporated for wastewater treatment and use again for industrial and irrigation use. Water management-related regulations and laws have been designed, counting those to decrease water demands and losses. Uncontrolled leakages add considerably to shallow water-table formation and contagion of shallow and deep aquifers. The extreme pumping from local aquifers to suit the growing urban water demand consequences in substantial turn down in water levels. This is worsening in groundwater quality. At adequately hefty pumping rates the demand is tried to be fulfilled, leads to stream flow depletion. With a constant increase in urban demand for water and sanitation, confront to suit these demands are rising. To construction more, costly desalination plants would be difficult. The dispute can be resolve with the preliminary part of new and modern legislation and institutional actions. This can also be done by taking on advanced techniques in water-demand reduction, wastewater reuse enhancement and reduction of water production, treatment and distribution costs. Ground Water Pumping through Water privatization   Water privatization  was taken on in 1989 by Margaret Thatchers  government. It privatized ten formerly public regional water and sewerage companies in   Wales  and England   in the course of disinvestment. in chorus the economic regulatory agency  OFWAT  was shaped. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) was positioned in 1990 to check water safety and quality. Water privatization since then is a controversial issue in England and Wales. A study by the  Public Services International  Research Unit (which is affiliated with trade unions), that opposes privatization in 2001 declared that tariff amplified by 46% in actual terms in the first nine years and investments were reduced Operating profits have doubled (i.e.+142%) in eight years and public health was endangered by cut-offs for non-payment. Privatization helped sign off the industrys  £4.95 billion debt. Privatization columnist disputed in 1997 that infrastructure-mainly sewers-were not adequate. Also, OFWAT was blamed of not evaluating company performance with targets. The critics said that OFWAT has chosen profit over providing a assured level of services. Conversely, a World Bank article disagree that the reforms six years after and before privatization investments were $17b and  £9.3bn respectively which has surely risen after privatization brought about conformity with rigorous drinking water standards Also headed to a higher quality of river water. There are also 16 mostly smaller water only companies in England and Wales that have been privately owned since the 19th century. In  Scotland  and  Northern Ireland  water and sewerage services have remained in public ownership Desalination To turn seawater into drinking water  , the first large-scale desalination plant for domestic and industry use in the UK opened on Wednesday 2 June 2010. Facts and Figures The desalination plants capacities vary from 1000 to 789 864 m3/day. In 1990 and 1997, the world desalinated water production was about 33% for the total domestic and 38% for industrial requirement. By 2025, desalination production is predictable to be around 54% of the total domestic and industrial claim. The RO plants need mechanical energy formed by pumps those work on electricity. About 3.5-9 kWh is necessary to manufacture 1 m3 of desalinated seawater. The energy requirement depends on the salinity level of the water input. Also depends on efficiency of pump and the process design. A single-stage plant of high efficiency level, needs around 4 kWh/m3 and 0.5-2.5 kWh/m3 to produce 1 m3 of reasonable quality water from seawater and salty groundwater. The use of a low-pressure membrane reduces the energy consumption by 25-40%, especially when using low-salinity water. DAMS Dams are made to contain water, stop flooding and produce hydroelectric power. Dams make available a water supply for irrigation, domestic needs and industrial application. Lakes and reservoirs are made since 19thcentury in UK. The most significant resource for building a dam is funding. In the UK, the figure of huge dams grew speedily during the 19th century from around 10 to 175. By 1950, the rate of growth nearly doubled. After 1950, edifice positioned itself at a rate of   5.4 dams per year. the UK today has a sum of 486 dams. In Europe, the totality of dams is rising slowly. The basic reason being that  appropriate sites are becoming less  and environmental concerns  become  growing. Large dams The six biggest reservoirs are positioned in the Volga river system in Russia.   The two largest are Kuybyshevskoye (6450 km2)  and Rybinskoye  (4450 km). Spain (approx. 1200), Turkey (approx. 610), Norway (approx. 364) and the UK (approx. 570) have largest number of reservoirs. Environmental Issues a number of environmental issues are raised by Reservoir construction in both building and completion stages. On closing the dam, the water level in the reservoir rises, resulting in key changes in the area  inundated with the water. Like loss of farmland, flooded settlements and the groundwater table raised. Once the reservoirs are made, two kinds of environmental problems take place: Make the reservoir inappropriate for its purpose. Algae and toxic substances in them make drinking water inappropriate. Evoke ecological weakening of the river system, particularly downstream of these reservoirs. Big dams break off the natural permanence of a river.   Reservoirs  change the  hydrological cycle, thus raising many other ecological consequences like leaving fewer spawning sites for migratory fish. Additionally, reservoirs grasp  suspended matter  mostly sand flowing into them. This decreases the suspended matter weight to  reach downstream and in the end to the sea. Lack of sand at the sea pilots coastal erosion. Conclusion Building dams is very costly and also gives rise to a number of environmental issues as discussed above. Ground water pumping and water privatizing also has risen many questions pertaining to water level and environment concerns vis-à  -vis profit making. The best option which should be taken ahead by government is water Desalination. Though the one time investments are high but the problem of water allocation can be limited with its supplies. Provisions to produce biofuels for the Thames desalination plant have been done, still till they are place energy consumption will remain an issue. Recommendation All the above discussions focus on fulfilling the demand by one method or the other. Still other way is to bring down the domestic and industrial demand. Legislation ought do more work to discontinue leaking pipes and decrease the average water use of customers by fixing more water meters and better promotions activities.

Exxon Mobil Essay -- Business Analysis

ExxonMobil is the largest publicly traded oil and gas producing company. ExxonMobil does business in 200 countries world-wide (1). Some countries are designated for exploring gas and petroleum, and some are designated for manufacturing chemicals, lubricants, and market fuels (1). ExxonMobil's world-class petroleum portfolio gives access to proven reserves of 21.9 billion oil-equivalent barrels of oil and gas, which is the highest in the industry (1). The company's discovered resources consist of 72 billion oil equivalent barrels of oil and gas. On average, each day, they produce 2.5 million barrels of oil and 10.5 billion cubic feet of gas (4). Their asset base, includes more than 60,000 production wells in 1,800 fields in 25 countries. With activities in some 40 countries, ExxonMobil's oil and gas fields extend from West Texas to West Africa and from Australia to Alaska (1). The company operates in deep seas, arctic ice and deserts in some of the world's most remote regions (1). Ex xonMobil is the world's largest nongovernmental marketer of equity natural gas. The company has access to 56 trillion cubic feet of proven reserves and discovered resources of more than 185 trillion cubic feet. It has gas sales in 25 countries and across five continents (4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oil is Exxon’s primary means of revenue. In the Oil industry there are competitive forces that function in the industry, but none stronger than the barriers of entry. One of the major barriers to entry is finding a supply of petroleum or gas. The cost of research, discovery, and output of gas and petroleum can easily reach the 100’s of millions of dollars. Another problem a new company would face, is receiving permission to develop oil in a foreign country. Because of the amount of money involved in oil, countries tend to produce oil on their own, rather than share the profits. The large investment in capital and the political connections needs to enter the industry, make it almost impossible to start a new oil company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second force that affects the oil industry is the bargaining power of suppliers. In the industry, suppliers have all the power. There is no international trade commission, so oil can be dispersed at any pace and be sold at what ever price suppliers want. The inelasticity of oil and the constant fear that oil is on the verge of running out, gives suppliers absolute power in the ... ...d. The have more than enough money and resources to work on alternative energy sources. Whether it is hydrogen or electricity, they can reap both the financial and humanity rewards. For Exxon to end with oil would be a tremendous blunder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exxon is not a company that needs to worry about competition. In the oil industry it is all about raw materials. The more a company has the more control they have. Exxon also has no need to be concerned with competition because gas is gas. No one is going to pay a dollar more for Exxon’s gas than Texaco. Another factor that eliminates competition from the industry is a unwritten theme that gas prices move together. It is rare to see two gas stations on the same block with significance in price. When oil prices go up, gas prices follow. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil’s Official Website 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TexacoShell’s Official Website 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yahoo Finance ExxonMobil stock information and financial reports. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil’s Official Website Products and Services Subsidiaries and info about. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TexacoShell’s Official Website 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil stock information and financial reports. Historical Stock Prices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Essay --

Healthcare is the fastest-growing industry in America, because health affects every facet of all Americans’ lives. People are living longer and longer than before. The lengthier life expectancy is due to advancements in the science and delivery of healthcare. Health communication has been an essential aspect of the delivery of healthcare. Also, health communication makes an impact and influence on healthcare policy and political initiatives, therefore, affects the health and lives of the people. Thus, it is important to understand the health communication’s overview, planning processes, techniques, and methods that affect and influence healthcare policy and political initiatives. Communications has long been essential part in the healthcare business. It goes back to the mid 1900s when hospital used communications professionals to delivered patient situation reports and release news about the facility. As seen in pharmaceutical corporations, they would employ communication consultants or internal workers to publicize a new drug approval. Now-a-days, healthcare companies also used vast staffs for trademark and corporate communications. Hence, there have been a growing numbers of consulting companies in public relations and medical advertisement due to many new advanced social media. In the addition, as the healthcare communications grow, more health communication specialists are needed. In the last thirty years, more health communication degrees are offered in universities (Hicks & Nicols, 2012). Through communication, health information can be shared to the public or the individual patient. Health material is transferred by newspaper, television, Internet, radio, flyers, or billboard, etc. Though there is a reduction i... ...tfeeding. They trained their staffs to educate new mothers about the important of breastfeeding (Mahone, 1996). Also, media campaigns reach and inform pregnant and lactating women and father the important of breastfeeding. The campaigns also reach general public about breastfeeding benefit through using public service announcements on radio, television, and in newspapers, journals, and magazines. From the campaigns, the publics are more aware of advantages of breastfeeding and women are more contented breastfeeding in public (Arias, 2005). Effective planning processes, techniques, and methods will make a major impact in healthcare policies and political initiatives. Individuals and groups definitely promote the public health through communication. Collaboration among individuals and different media outlets will transpire information throughout the nation.

Research proposal Essay

The first edition of Guidelines for writing a research proposal appeared in 1997. It has inevitably been widely read, not because of its inherent fascination, but because, over its eight year life, numerous postgraduate students in the Psychology Department have had to consult it in order to survive (and in most cases master) the arduous process of writing a research proposal. Several changes have been made for this new edition. A number of sections which led to regular misunderstandings on the part of readers have been clarified. There have also been minor administrative changes within the Department and the University which have required that some of the content be updated. However the main change is that the conventions for citing and listing references have been extensively revised to bring them into line with the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001). In addition, the examples covered are more extensive and reflect a wider range of the kinds of references likely to be cited not only in research proposals but also in the thesis itself. This means that this booklet provides a useful source for all postgraduates in the Department of Psychology who want a quick guide to the conventions for citing and listing references for any work to be presented to staff in the Department. David Edwards, February 2004 1. What is a research proposal and what is it for? Whether you are planning a small honours research project or a major research project at PhD level, the process of research proposal preparation will help you to think carefully about many aspects of your proposed research. If you embark on a research project without adequate preparation, you run the risk of discovering as you go along that what you have taken on is too large, too small, impossible, or full of contradictions! The guidelines set out in this document are designed to prevent this from happening. By following them, in close consultation with your supervisor, the planning of your research project will be orderly, thorough and well conceptualized. This will ensure that you have an appropriate focus for the research project and that, once you begin the research, you will be able to follow a series of methodological steps which are likely to succeed in answering your research questions. The finished research proposal is a formal, highly focused document which summarizes your plans for setting about a research project. The format requirements are set out below. It is important to follow these carefully because they reflect the criteria which are used by the committee(s) that will evaluate your proposal (see Appendix 1 for a detailed set of such criteria). At Honours level, proposals are usually reviewed by an Honours research proposals review committee. Master’s proposals in Clinical and Counselling Psychology are reviewed by the Psychology Department’s Research Projects Review Committee (RPRC). All other Master’s and PhD proposals are first reviewed by the RPRC, and, once they have been passed by that committee, go on to the Humanities Higher Degrees Committee (HHDC). Information about the dates on which the RPRC and HHDC meet (and the deadlines for submission of proposals for their agendas) is available in an information document which is obtainable from the Administrative Assistant and usually posted on the Department’s website (Research Projects Review Committee information, 2003). 2. The basic format Whatever degree your research is for, you will need to follow the same basic principles with regard to the format and structure of the research proposal. Section 3 below provides detailed guidelines as to how you should organize and structure it into various sections. Section 5 describes the conventions to be followed for citing and listing reference material. In addition, please note the following formal requirements for the proposal: ‘ Use 1 ½ spacing between lines and a 12 point Arial or Times New Roman font (or one of similar size). ‘ For proposals which do not go on to the HHDC, the title and other information should be displayed at the top of the proposal (see Figure 1); for proposals which will go to the HHDC they should be on a separate header page (see Figure 2). ‘ The proposal may not exceed five pages (not including the header page where this applies) and should not include appendices. Note: if your proposal is shorter than this, it will probably contain inadequate information. ‘ Number the pages (not the header page where this applies). Figure 1 Heading format for proposals which do not go to the HHDC Rhodes University Department of Psychology — Honours 20031 An evaluation of an affirmative action programme in a small organization2 Research proposal submitted by3 __________________ _______4 Supervisor 5 __________________________________________ Begin the text of your research proposal here †¦ . Figure 2 Format for title page of proposals which go to the HHDC A programme evaluation of a training programme for HIV/AIDS counsellors2 Research proposal submitted by Melissa Appollis3 g03c1263 4 For a thesis in fulfilment6 of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology1 Supervisor: Professor T. Mkhize5 Key for Figures 1 Name of degree 4 Student number 2 Title of project 5 Supervisor 3 Student name 6 â€Å"†¦ fulfilment† or â€Å"†¦ partial fulfilment† 3. The structure of the proposal The research proposal needs to have a title, a context section, statement of the research question or aims and a method section. Below are guidelines for writing each of these. Pay close attention to the kind of information that should be included in each part. Following these guidelines will help you to make best use of the limited space available and to avoid the inclusion of irrelevant or inappropriate material. 3.1 Title The title should give the reader a succinct indication of what the research is about. This must include reference to the field of research and an indication of what the research question is.  It is often best not to write the title until you have finished writing the rest of the research proposal.  You may change the title when you write the actual research project either to reflect new emphases that emerge as the project unfolds, for example, in response to unexpected findings from your data analysis, or to add an artistic or personal touch to give your title a human quality or some personal distinctiveness. Important note: For those theses which go through the HHDC, the title is recorded in the Faculty record. This means that it cannot be changed without formally notifying the Dean and getting the  permission of the Faculty. A request to change the title must be made in writing to the Faculty Office, preferably well before the thesis is actually handed in. 3.2 Context The function of this section is to prepare the reader for the research question(s) that will be found in the following section. In order to do this thoroughly, you will need to cover the following points: ‘ You must show that your question is situated in an existing literature which provides a background and context for your own research. You may draw on a particular research tradition or discourse within psychology (for example, attribution theory, radical feminism, object relations theory, a particular personality theory, career development theory). Or you may describe the literature in a particular applied area, such as HIV/AIDS counselling, affirmative action in South African organizations, psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, attitudes to socio-political transformation, or the effects of cumulative mild brain injuries in sport. Sometimes there may be two or more areas of the research literature which are relevant to your research. In this case you need to introduce the relevant concepts and issues from each one. You need to write about these concepts and research findings in such a way that you demonstrate that there is a substantial existing literature which you will be drawing on, and that you have a working knowledge and understanding of that literature. ‘ Introduce and define the most important psychological concepts, distinctions, principles and theories which will form the basis of the conceptual framework within which your research question makes sense (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001). ‘ In participatory and/or action research projects, conducted in partnership with a community, an organization, or a particular group of people, give a brief account of the nature of the partner community, organization or group. You should also describe the organizational or community context within which the research will take place. In addition, provide details of the history of your involvement with  the community, organization or partners and of the implicit or explicit contract that you have with them. ‘ When writing up a case study of a therapy or counselling process that has already taken place, give a brief account of the nature of the therapy/counselling process and argue why the material lends itself to theoretical exploration in a research thesis. ‘ It is often appropriate to give a historical perspective to research in the area. Over the past 100 years who have been  the major players in investigating the area? Has the focus of research shifted? What have been the important historical  milestones in opening new perspectives or research  approaches? How does the approach you will use fit into this (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001; Seidman, 1998)? If you have collected a large amount of background material for this section, you do not need to refer to or describe everything that may be relevant or which you intend to include in the thesis. You only need to provide sufficient material to take care of each of the points just described. Furthermore, the degree of thoroughness with which the contextual background must be presented depends on the level of the degree you are studying for. When doing a PhD you need to show that you are familiar with everything important that has been written in the area. At Honours level, you will not, of course, have the time and resources to do that, but, you do need to take account of all the above requirements on a smaller scale. There are two steps to take to ensure that you have a sufficient background knowledge: ‘ Choose a supervisor who is working in the area and who knows what the core research writing in the area is. ‘ Conduct a literature search using an online database such as PsycInfo which you can access through the University Library’s electronic resources web page. Identify the items which you  want and check to see if they are in the Library or available in full text on one of the other online databases such as PsycArticles or ScienceDirect. If  they are not, you can use the Library’s interlibrary loan facility to order them. Students who are working on a  research area which a staff member is investigating, may be  able to obtain financial assistance towards the cost of this from the staff member’s research grant. You can expect to rework the context section again and again. It is not something you can expect to write out in an organized and systematic fashion at one sitting! This is because, as you think about your topic and refine your research question, you will come to recognize what material has a direct bearing on it, and what material is of limited relevance. For example, as you clarify your thinking, you are likely to discover that you have omitted to define clearly certain concepts which are essential if your research question is to be understood. You are also likely to realize that some of the material which you initially thought was important is only of marginal relevance to the research question and needs to be omitted. You should organize this section carefully, so that you communicate to your reader that you have a clear sense of purpose in setting about your research project (Neuman, 2000, p. 101-103). A mistake that many students make is that they approach this section as if they were writing a discursive essay on the topic. Doing a research project is not a good vehicle for conducting your own personal enquiry into an area that you have not read about and have no conceptual understanding of. In Honours and some directed Masters’ and PhD courses, opportunities to write discursive essays are provided during the specialized papers you will be studying for. If you approach a research proposal like a seminar you will convey this message: â€Å"I am interested in {depression, eating disorders, racism, art therapy, affirmative action etc.}. I do not know much about it and have not yet read much that has been written by psychologists on the issue. However here are a few preliminary thoughts I have about the topic. I hope that somehow during the course of doing this research my ideas will get more organized and I will be able to make some sense of this topic† This, of course, is not a message which will impress the people who will evaluate your finished proposal! Rather you should actively promote your research idea as something important and worthwhile. You should aim to communicate to your reader: â€Å"I have identified something of interest and importance  within the discipline which is worth investigating. I have a good basic knowledge of the literature in this area and  understand the central concepts and theories. I have  sufficient conceptual understanding to provide a basis for a clear research question and for a systematic research  investigation. When I complete the research it will be  something which will contribute to knowledge, have practical value and be worth reading †

Redemtive Vilonce in the Odyssey by Homer Essay

The myth of redemptive violence is one that is told throughout history. It is one in which violence is the creator. Whether it be creation of the cosmos, peace, or some other result, in this myth violence results in redemption. This myth has been imbedded in our society to such a degree that it is naturalized and accepted as the way things are without much reflection. For example, many Christians probably don’t contemplate the ways redemptive violence is at the heart of their religion. A classic example of the myth of redemptive violence is found in the elaborate poem The Odyssey. Many elements of violence and how we associate with violence are explored within the multitude of pages of this tale. In book nine Odysseus has to confront Polythemus, the Cyclops who is Poseidon’s son. Odysseus and his men where trapped within Polythemus’s cave, which had wine and other luxuries in it. But the Cyclops is intent on eating every last one of them and saving Odysseus, or â€Å"Nohbdy,† as Odysseus presented himself to the Cyclops, for last. Odysseus later blinds Polythemus with a burning stick, leaving him aggrieved and in pain. Writhing in pain, he opens the rock, letting Odysseus’s crew escape. This is just a primal form of the myth, but by injuring Polythemus Odysseys is released, illustrating the productive side of violence. In book ten Odysseus finds himself on the island of Aeolus, which is occupied by the witch Circe. She lures Odysseus’s men into her house and turns them into swine. Odysseus, who has an antidote to the witch’s drugs given to him by the god Hermes, is immune to the witch’s drugs and threatens her with the violence of his sword and she takes him to her bed where he persuaded her to change back his men. This tale within The Odyssey is one of violence such those Walter Wink wrote about in â€Å"The Myth of Redemptive Violence. † He writes, â€Å"cosmic order requires the violent suppression of the feminine and is mirrored in the social order by the subjugation of women to men and people to ruler. † Wink goes on to explain that this pattern can be found in Greek myths and in a range of other cultural expressions through history, right up to cartoons in modern day media. Central to this version f the myth is the suppression of powerful females, and their bodies are laid out to create the cosmos in some cases. The Odyssey provides a classic example: Circe, a powerful temptress, is subdued by Odysseus’s threat of violence, therefore placing Odysseus socially above her. Throughout the book Odysseus is faced with endless hardships. He is thrown through massive and relentless life threatening ordeals. He then comes home and finds that he must compete for his wife. These travails point toward paradoxes in the human condition. At times, we crave pain and it allows us to associate our inner evils and our violence, and that is exactly what The Odyssey does. As Wink stated in his analysis of a cartoon, â€Å"the ‘Tammuz’ element where the hero suffers – actually consumes all but the closing minutes, allowing ample time for indulging the violent side of the self. When the good guy finally wins, viewers are then able to reassert control over their inner tendencies, repress them, and re-establish a sense of goodness †¦Ã¢â‚¬  We get a good look at this process in The Odyssey, especially when Penelope asks, how do you move the bed? Odysseus replies, you can’t because I fashioned it out of a live olive tree, proving that he was truly Odysseus. The Odyssey is filled with redemptive violence, whether it be against Troy, Scally and Charibdys, Circe, and, most notably, the slaughtering of the suitors. The violence is not all just straight forward, there are power hierarchies, complex relationships, and other factors to account for in viewing violence in this incredible story.

Physician Assisted Suicide - 2501 Words

Emily Larson English 102 Dr. Dietrich Long Research Paper Assisted Suicide In the medical field there are massive amounts of treatments for various diseases. Some treatments are going to help the patient feel more comfortable; however, some are going to counteract the problem, and others are going to help kill the patient. Physician assisted suicide is defined by medterms.com as â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician.† Any person wishing to undergo assisted suicide in Oregon must be at least 18 years of age and have a terminal illness. This illness must be within its final stages and leave the patient with less than six months to live.†¦show more content†¦Ultimately physician assisted suicide goes against moral and ethical judgment that is placed within the â€Å"hands† of a practicing physician. Moral behavior of a murderer is considered lacking in many cases, but how are physicians who administer a lethal dosa ge of drugs any different? There are many physicians who are participating in assisted suicide, but they all have lives within their hands. They are responsible for the lives they have been entrusted with. In Norway any physician that helped with assisted suicide was charged with â€Å"accessory to murder.† In the United States there are many laws regarding murder, but accessory to murder is also a charge. A person who is considered an accessory to murder is â€Å"not typically present at the scene of the crime, but contributes to the success of the crime before or after the fact.† This statement creates a controversial wave within the country. Those physicians who are prescribing deadly doses of medication are knowingly providing a means to kill someone. Even though the physician does not administer the drugs themselves, the patient is still being killed because of the physician’s prescription. The immorality of prescribing lethal drugs may be heavily felt by t he prescribing physician after administration. Many physicians are affected by theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MoreThe Treatment Of Physician Assisted Suicide1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprecious hour will give the loved ones a time to say goodbye just before they die with dignity in physician assisted suicide. Terminally ill patients have the right to end their own lives using physician assisted suicide (PAS) without repercussions of laws and people with opposing opinions. According to an article from CNN.com, there are currently five states in the U.S. where physician-assisted suicide is currently legal. In order to be eligible legally for PAS the patient must have six months orRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fifty states for terminally ill patients with worsening or unbearable pain. What is physician-assisted suicide? â€Å"Suicide is the act of taking ones own life. In assisted suicide, the means to end a patient’s life is provided to the patient (i.e. medication or a weapon) with knowledge of the patients intention† (American Nurses Association). Physician-assisted suicide is known by many names such as deathRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide2301 Words   |  10 Pagesend-of-life decisions is â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† (PAS). This method of suicide involves a physician providing a patient, at his or her own request, with a lethal dose of medication, which the patient self-administers. The ethical acceptability and the desirability of legalization of this practice both continue to cause controversy (Raus, Sterckx, Mortier 1). Vaco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg were landmark decisions on the issue of physician-assisted suicide and a supposed ConstitutionalRead MoreThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide926 Words   |   4 Pagesethics of physician assisted suicide since the late 18th century. According to medicinenet the definition of physician assisted suicide is â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administrating a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician.† This would typically come into play if/when a critically ill patient wants to end their suffering. Confirming with the State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide, 5 states have Paquin 2 Legalized physician assisted suicide. CaliforniaRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. Is suicide an individual choice and should the highest priority to humans be alleviating pain or do we suffer for a purpose? Is suicide a purely individual choice? Having analyzed and even experience the effects of physician assisted suicide, I promote and fully support itsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is A Controversial Topic1929 Words   |  8 PagesOne may have heard of suicide, but not physician-assisted suicide. The two are very different in terms of the act of taking one’s own life. For instance, physician-assisted suicide is done with help from another person, usually a physician; where the doctor is willing to assist with e ither the means of how to take one’s own life or the actual act itself. This can either be by prescribing lethal doses of drugs to these patients who want to take their own life or by counseling these patients onRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1692 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a controversial subject all around the world. Although it is legal in some countries and states, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont it is not yet legal in most (Finlay, 2011). People travel from all around the world to these locations to receive information. Physician-assisted suicide is when terminally ill and mentally capable patients perform the final act themselves after being provided with the required meansRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide1871 Words   |  8 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide should be a legal option, if requested, for terminally ill patients. For deca des the question has been asked and a clear answer has yet to surface. It was formed out of a profound commitment to the idea that personal end-of-life decisions should be made solely between a patient and a physician. Can someones life be put into an answer? Shouldnt someones decision in life be just that; their decision? When someone has suffered from a car accident, or battled long enoughRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looks

President Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal - 1279 Words

The nation was in a state of crisis when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933. The Great Depression had caused severe unemployment (up to 90% in some cities!), business failures, and serious disruptions in international trade. It’s no understatement that Roosevelt had a lot of work to do to fix the nation and restore trust in the government! This is when FDR’s New Deal comes in. As an AP US History student, it is important for you to know what the New Deal is, but also why it is important. This APUSH crash course will give you all the details you need to know to answer New Deal-related multiple choice questions and essays with ease! Let’s get started. What exactly is the New Deal? The New Deal was a set of domestic programs set in motion by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between1933 and 1938. The goals of the program were relief, recovery, and reform, and with these goals in mind, FDR set out to help the poor and needy, improve the economy, and pass laws to stop unemployment, alleviate poverty, and prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal is generally split into two stages: The First New Deal (1933-1934) and the Second New Deal (1935-1938). It’s not too important to distinguish between the two, but just know that the First New Deal focused on dealing with the immediate problems caused by the Depression, while the Second New Deal was more aggressive, liberal, and focused on reforming the nation. Critics disagree on whether or not the programs ended the GreatShow MoreRelatedPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1374 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal did not solve the problems of the Great Depression and slowed economic recovery for America until World War II. The Great Depression brought about a high unemployment, and the New Deal did not deal with it successfully. The Democratic Party benefited from the New Deal’s social and work programs because it shifted the African American vote from Republican to Democrat. (Powell, 2003) Some of the programs from the New Deal that exist today are broken and manipulatedRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1119 Words   |  5 PagesWhen President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, he took office in one of the worst economic crises in American history. The preceding three years were three years of significant hardship that took a toll on the nation’s morale. He won the presidency in a landslide vote over the fairly conservative incumbent Herbert Hoover showing the American people were desperate for changes that could restore the nation to economic prosperity seen in the 1920’s. Once he was inaugurated, he quickly jumpedRead MoreThe Social Security Act ( Ssa ) Of President Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdrafted during the Great Depression as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The SSA was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burden of widows and fatherless children. The SSA was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans, saving them from poverty. By signing the Social Security Act, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderlyRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 Pages1 Bernier Abby Bernier Mrs. Walden Sophomore Honors History Period 1 8 December 2014 The Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recentRead MoreThe New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt879 Words   |  4 Pages The term, The New Deal, comes from Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech, Roosevelt says, I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.(Referring to the great depression) Roosevelt explains the New Deal as a use of the authority of government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups and sections of our country. The New Deal program was born in a Brain Trust meeting prior to Roosevelt’s inauguration. (Anonymous)Read MoreThe New Deal was created to create the U.S.A a lot of convenient country to Americans in want. it800 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Deal was created to create the U.S.A a lot of convenient country to Americans in want. it had been created throughout Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1st term of presidency within the year 1933. The New Deal was a sequence of programs that were created to assist the u. s. cope with financial condition happening throughout that point. financial condition had a serious have an effect on on Americans; lack of employment, depression, homeless, and more. repeatedly families can desire they wereRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt: The Thirty- Second President of United States710 Words   |  3 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt, the 32 president of the United States of America. His life began on January 30th of the year 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. Family was not so big. He had both of his parents. His parents were Sara Delano and James Roosevelt. Roosevelt did have only one sibling he was a half-brother named James Roosevelt. His mother passed away when he was 59 and his father passed away when he was 18. Roosevelt was home schooled until 1896 by the school Groton School in Massachusetts. He attendedRead MorePresident Lincoln And George Washington846 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermination, and an enormous amount of leadership. Presidents devote countless hours of their time for the betterment of our nation. Because of this, presidents like Abraham Lincoln and George Washington who lead America through some of the toughest times, are deeply admired by people then and now. One president who rescued America out of its most desperate times stands out among many other of our nation s leaders. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a difficult life that gave him the opportunity toRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt Vs. Franklin Roosevelt1559 Words   |  7 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt was conceived on January 30, 1882, into an affluent gang. The Roosevelts had been unmistakable for a few eras, having made their fortune in land and exchange. Franklin was the main offspring of James Roosevelt and Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt. The family inhabited Springwood, their domain in the Hudson River Valley in New York State. While growing up, Franklin Roosevelt was encompassed by benefit and a feeling of pomposity. He was instructed by guides and tutors until age 14Read MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1116 Words   |  5 PagesHyde Park, New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. He became the 32nd US president in 1933, and was the only president to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. Roosevelt died in Georgia in 1945. President Roosevelt’s parents made a living both on real estate and trade. Roosevelt was schooled